Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Stable Isotopes and Biosphere–Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls 4
Copyight Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Chapter 1. Introduction: Stable Isotopes and Earth System Science 16
Global Change and Earth System Science 16
Physiological Ecology and Global Gas Exchange 16
Historical Background and the Contents of this Book 17
Acknowledgments 19
References 19
Part I: Stable Isotopes and Physiological Processes 22
Chapter 2. Factors Affecting the Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Plant Organic Material 24
Factors Contributing to Variation in d18Op 25
Modeling delta18O of Plant Material 35
Combined Measurement of Carbon and 37
Combined Measurement of Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios 37
Potential Applications 38
Conclusions 40
References 40
Chapter 3. Stable Isotope Composition of Soil Organic Matter 44
Introduction 44
Origin of Carbon in Soils 46
Chemical Structure and Stable Isotopic Ratio of Plant Carbon Forming Soil Organic Matter 47
Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen and their Stable Isotopes in Soil Profiles 51
Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter 53
Molecular Insight into Soil Organic Matter Formation 55
Summary 58
References 58
Chapter 4. Factors Determining the 13C Abundance of Soil-Respired CO2 in Boreal Forests 62
Introduction 62
CO2 Production in Soils 63
Variability in the C Isotopes in Plants, Soil, and Soil CO2 Efflux in Boreal Forest---A Case Study 76
Concluding Remarks 78
References 79
Chapter 5. Factors that Control the Isotopic Composition of N2O from Soil Emissions 84
Introduction 84
Factors that Control the Rate of Production and Emission of Soil N2O 85
Processes Controlling the Stable Isotope Composition of N2O 87
Conclusions 96
References 96
Chapter 6. Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopic Effects in Microbial Methane from Terrestrial Environments 100
Isotopic Effects During Methane Oxidation 101
Isotopic Effects Associated with Methane Production Mechanisms 103
Supporting Field Data 107
Isotope Cross Plots 113
Summary, Speculation, and Recommendation 114
Acknowledgments 116
References 116
Part II: Ecosystem Scale Processes 122
Chapter 7. Theoretical Examination of Keeling-plot Relationships for Carbon Dioxide in a Temperate Broadleaved Forest with a Biophysical Model, CANISOTOPE 124
Introduction 124
Model Framework 125
Results and Discussion 127
Conclusions 136
Acknowledgments 137
References 138
Chapter 8. Partitioning Ecosystem Respiration Using Stable Carbon Isotope Analyses of CO2 140
Introduction 140
Partitioning Approach 142
Variation in Respiration Signatures Among Ecosystem Components 143
Causes of Variation in Respiration Signatures 145
Implications of Variation in Respiration Signatures on Soil C-Dynamics 149
Determining Source Signatures 153
Using Variation in Respiration Signatures to Partition Ecosystem Respiration 160
Conclusions 161
Acknowledgments 163
References 163
Chapter 9. Simulation of Ecosystem C18OO Isotope Fluxes in a Tallgrass Prairie: Biological and Physical Controls 169
Introduction 169
Background 170
Ecosystem Model Simulations 172
Ecosystem Isofluxes 176
Summary and Conclusions 181
References 183
Chapter 10. Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Variation in the d18O of Atmospheric CO2 186
Introduction 186
Oxygen Isotope Effects during Ecosystem CO2 Exchange 189
Variation in Environmental Conditions and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Isofluxes 191
Implications for the Declining Trend in d18O of Atmospheric CO2 193
References 195
Chapter 11. Stable Isotope Constraints on Net Ecosystem Production Under Elevated CO2 197
Introduction: Approaches for Estimating Net Ecosystem Production 197
Experimental Approach 200
Constructing the Ecosystem Carbon Balance: NEP 206
Conclusions 211
Acknowledgments 211
References 211
Chapter 12. Stable Isotopes as a Tool in Urban Ecology 214
Introduction 214
The Isotopic Composition of Urban CO2 Sources 215
Partitioning Urban CO2 Sources 218
The Isotopic Composition of Urban Plant Biomass 222
Conclusions 226
References 226
Part III: Global Scale Processes 230
Chapter 13. Terrestrial Ecosystems and Interannual Variability in the Global Atmospheric Budgets of 13CO2 and 12CO2 232
Introduction 232
A Graphical Means to Understanding the Global Atmospheric Budget: Robin Hood Diagrams 234
Mechanisms Contributing to Interannual Variability in Atmospheric d13C 242
Unresolved Questions 245
Conclusions 246
Acknowledgments 246
References 247
Chapter 14. Remarks on the Use of 13C and 18O Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 to Quantify Biospheric Carbon Fluxes 250
Introduction 250
Formulation of Global Budgets 251
Understanding d13C in Atmospheric CO2 252
Understanding d18O in Atmospheric CO2 263
Concluding Remarks 270
Notations 273
References 277
Chapter 15. Factors Influencing the Stable Isotopic Content of Atmospheric N2O 283
Introduction 283
Isotopic Considerations 284
Isotopomers and Isotopologues 286
N2O from the Terrestrial Biosphere 288
N2O from the Oceans and Other Aquatic Regions 289
Other N2O Sources 291
N2O Loss Processes 292
The N2O Global Isotopic Budget 295
References 297
Chapter 16. The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane and its Constraint on the Global Methane Budget 303
Introduction 303
d13CH4 Observations 308
References 321
Series List 326
Index 328