Marine Metapopulations (eBook)

Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
FOREWORD 18
PREFACE 22
ABOUT THE EDITORS 26
CONTRIBUTORS 28
PART I: Introduction 30
1: The Merging of Metapopulation Theory and Marine Ecology: Establishing the Historical Context 32
I. INTRODUCTION 32
II. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS 35
A. DESCRIBING ACTUAL SPATIAL POPULATION PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES 35
B. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASKING RESEARCH QUESTIONS 37
C. A PARADIGM FOR POPULATION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 38
D. APPLICATIONS TO MARINE POPULATIONS 39
III. HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF PREDOMINANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN MARINE ECOLOGY 41
IV. CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES ON MARINE ECOLOGY 46
A. SCALE OF STUDY 46
B. SPATIAL RESOLUTION 47
C. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 48
V. SUMMARY 49
REFERENCES 51
PART II: Fishes 58
2: The Metapopulation Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes 60
I. INTRODUCTION 60
II. SPATIAL STRUCTURE 63
A. GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT 63
B. SPATIAL SUBDIVISION 64
C. INTERPATCH SPACE 70
III. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF CORAL REEF FISHES 71
A. POSTSETTLEMENT LIFE STAGES 71
B. DISPERSAL AND CONNECTIVITY 80
C. METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS 80
IV. FACTORS DISSOLVING METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE 84
A. SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS 85
B. NURSERY HABITATS 86
V. SUMMARY 89
REFERENCES 90
3: Temperate Rocky Reef Fishes 98
I. INTRODUCTION 99
II. GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THE TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATE REEF HABITAT 100
A. SUBDUCTION, VOLCANISM, AND FAULTING 103
B. GLACIATION 105
C. FLUVIAL AND DYNAMIC SUBMARINE EROSIVE PROCESSES 105
III. TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES 107
A. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES AND TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES 107
B. DEPTH AS A MASTER VARIABLE IN TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES 108
C. TYPICAL FISH FAUNA OF TEMPERATE ROCKY REEF COMMUNITIES 109
IV. THE ROLE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING 109
A. MAJOR OCEANOGRAPHIC DOMAINS 112
B. DISPERSAL AND RETENTION MECHANISMS 113
V. CLIMATE, CLIMATE CYCLES, AND HISTORICAL METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING 114
VI. THE ROLE OF LIFE HISTORY IN METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING 116
A. EARLY LIFE HISTORY 116
B. JUVENILES 117
C. ADULTS 119
D. LONGEVITY 121
VII. EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO MEASURING DISPERSAL AND METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE 123
VIII. POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES IN NORTH PACIFIC ROCKY REEF FISHES 125
IX. HUMAN IMPACTS 132
X. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR METAPOPULATION STUDIES OF TEMPERATE REEF FISHES 134
REFERENCES 137
4: Estuarine and Diadromous Fish Metapopulations 148
I. INTRODUCTION TO METAPOPULATION CONCEPTS IN ESTUARINE AND DIADROMOUS FISH 148
II. MECHANISMS THAT FORM DISTINCT POPULATIONS 154
III. TOOLS TO QUANTIFY MIGRATION IN DIADROMOUS FISH 156
A. GENETICS 156
B. ARTIFICIAL TAGS 157
C. NATURAL TAGS WITH EMPHASIS ON OTOLITH–GEOCHEMICAL TAGS 158
IV. DIADROMOUS FISH EXEMPLIFY METAPOPULATION THEORY 159
A. SALMONIDS 160
B. ALOSINES 164
C. COMPARING SALMONIDS AND ALOSINE HERRINGS 166
D. SCIAENIDS 166
E. ATHERINIDS 167
V. VALUE OF THE METAPOPULATION CONCEPT IN UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING DIADROMOUS FISHERIES 168
A. CONSERVATION OF LOCAL POPULATIONS 169
B. HISTORICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL POPULATIONS IN A FISHERIES CONTEXT 169
C. MIXED-STOCK ANALYSIS 171
D. EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHY ON METAPOPULATION MANAGEMENT 172
E. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AS A SPATIAL MANAGEMENT TOOL 173
F. C AN FISHERIES BE MANAGED AS METAPOPULATIONS? 173
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175
REFERENCES 175
PART III: Invertebrates 184
5: Metapopulation Dynamics of Hard Corals 186
I. INTRODUCTION 187
II. STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER 189
III. SUMMARY OF MODEL STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERIZATION 189
IV. EXISTING MODELS OF DYNAMICS ON CORAL REEFS 195
V. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE MODEL OF SPATIALLY STRUCTURED CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES 196
A. SCALES 196
B. REPRODUCTION 198
C. CONNECTIVITY 199
D. RECRUITMENT 200
E. GROWTH 203
F. M ORTALITY 204
G. COMPETITION (AND MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETITORS) 207
H. HERBIVORY 210
VI. TESTING THE MODEL: PHASE SHIFTS IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 214
VII. SENSITIVITY OF MODEL TO INITIAL CONDITIONS 215
VIII. EXPLORATION OF MODEL BEHAVIOR 218
A. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INITIAL CORAL COVER, ALGAL OVERGROWTH RATE, CORAL GROWTH RATE, AND HERBIVORY 218
B. RECRUITMENT SCENARIO AND OVERFISHING OF HERBIVORES 219
C. IMPACT OF HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON LOCAL DYNAMICS 222
D. EFFECT OF REDUCED HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON A RESERVE NETWORK 223
IX. SUMMARY 224
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 224
REFERENCES 225
6: Population and Spatial Structure of Two Common Temperate Reef Herbivores: Abalone and Sea Urchins 234
I. INTRODUCTION 235
II. LIFE HISTORY 236
A. ABALONE 236
B. SEA URCHINS 237
III. LARVAL DISPERSAL AND SETTLEMENT 238
A. ABALONE 238
B. SEA URCHINS 241
C. SUMMARY OF LARVAL DISPERSAL 246
IV. POPULATION GENETICS 247
A. ABALONE 247
B. SEA URCHINS 248
C. SUMMARY OF GENETICS 250
V. SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN ADULT DISTRIBUTIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS 250
A. ABALONE: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE 252
B. SEA URCHINS: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE 255
VI. FISHING AND MANAGEMENT 257
A. ABALONE 257
B. SEA URCHINS 258
C. OPTIMAL HARVESTING OF INVERTEBRATE METAPOPULATIONS 260
VII. SUMMARY 262
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 263
REFERENCES 263
7: Rocky Intertidal Invertebrates: The Potential for Metapopulations within and among Shores 276
I. INTRODUCTION 276
II. PATCH MODELS 278
III. WITHIN-SHORE METAPOPULATIONS 280
IV. METAPOPULATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCALES 286
V. MEASURED SCALES OF VARIABILITY 289
VI. SUMMARY 292
REFERENCES 295
8: Metapopulation Dynamics of Coastal Decapods 300
I. INTRODUCTION 300
II. DECAPOD LIFE HISTORIES 303
III. IDENTIFYING DECAPOD METAPOPULATIONS 306
IV. CASE STUDIES 308
A. AMERICAN LOBSTER (HOMARUS AMERICANUS) 308
B. BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) 314
C. DUNGENESS CRAB (CANCER MAGISTER) 322
D. PINK SHRIMP (PANDALUS BOREALIS) 329
V. DISCUSSION 334
VI. SUMMARY 339
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 340
REFERENCES 340
9: A Metapopulation Approach to Interpreting Diversity at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents 350
I. INTRODUCTION 350
II. VENT SYSTEMS AS METAPOPULATIONS 357
A. DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF VENT HABITAT 357
B. DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION 357
III. SPECIES INTERACTIONS 361
IV. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND DIVERSITY 362
V. METAPOPULATION MODELS FOR VENT FAUNAL DIVERSITY 364
A. A NULL MODEL 366
B. FACILITATION 370
VI. SUMMARY 372
REFERENCES 376
PART IV: Plants and Algae 380
10: A Metapopulation Perspective on the Patch Dynamics of Giant Kelp in Southern California 382
I. INTRODUCTION 382
II. DYNAMICS OF GIANT KELP POPULATIONS 384
III. FACTORS AFFECTING COLONIZATION 389
A. LIFE HISTORY CONSTRAINTS 389
B. MODES OF COLONIZATION 392
C. SPORE PRODUCTION, RELEASE, AND COMPETENCY 394
D. POSTSETTLEMENT PROCESSES 395
IV. SPORE DISPERSAL 396
A. FACTORS AFFECTING COLONIZATION DISTANCE 396
B. EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL 397
C. MODELED ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL 400
V. CONNECTIVITY AMONG LOCAL POPULATIONS 404
VI. SUMMARY 406
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 410
REFERENCES 410
11: Seagrasses and the Metapopulation Concept: Developing a Regional Approach to the Study of Extinction, Colonization, and Dispersal 416
I. INTRODUCTION 417
II. SEAGRASS REPRODUCTION 418
III. PATCHES: COLONIZATION AND EXTINCTION 420
IV. EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL SEAGRASS METAPOPULATIONS 423
A. HALOPHILA DECIPIENS ON THE WEST FLORIDA SHELF: A LOCAL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS PATCH EXTINCTION AND REGIONAL RECRUITMENT 425
B. PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI ON EXPOSED PACIFIC SHORES: REGIONAL PATTERNS OF SUITABLE SITES EXIST AMONG A MATRIX OF UNSUITABLE SITES PATCH EXTINCTION DOCUMENTED
C. HALOPHILA JOHNSONII IN SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA: A WELL-DEFINED REGIONAL POPULATION WITH LIMITED DISPERSAL BETWEEN PATCHES EXTINCTION OF PATCHES DOCUMENTED
V. THE METAPOPULATION MODEL AND SEAGRASS POPULATIONS: A USEFUL CONCEPT? 429
A. COLLECTION OF GOOD INFORMATION ON SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF SEAGRASSES 430
B. COLLECTION OF GENETIC INFORMATION TO HELP ANALYZE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF A POPULATION 431
C. SEED DORMANCY: A SPECIAL PROBLEM FOR PLANT POPULATIONS 431
VI. SUMMARY 432
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 432
REFERENCES 433
PART V: Perspectives 438
12: Conservation Dynamics of Marine Metapopulations with Dispersing Larvae 440
I. INTRODUCTION 440
II. SINGLE POPULATION PERSISTENCE 442
III. METAPOPULATION PERSISTENCE 445
A. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEROPLANKTONIC SPECIES 449
B. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE SUCCESS OF MARINE RESERVES 450
IV. ROLE OF VARIABILITY 450
V. DISCUSSION 451
VI. SUMMARY 455
REFERENCES 455
13: Genetic Approaches to Understanding Marine Metapopulation Dynamics 460
I. INTRODUCTION 460
A. SUBDIVISION IN MARINE POPULATIONS 461
B. THE ISLAND MODEL AND ITS LIMITATIONS 461
II. DELINEATING POPULATIONS 463
III. INFERRING PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY 467
IV. INFERRING NONEQUILIBRIUM POPULATION DYNAMICS 470
A. POPULATION EXTINCTION AND RECOLONIZATION 471
B. SOURCE–SINK RELATIONSHIPS 473
C. MIXING IN THE PLANKTON AND THE GENETICS OF LARVAL COHORTS 474
V. SUMMARY 476
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 478
REFERENCES 478
14: Metapopulation Dynamics and Community Ecology of Marine Systems 486
I. INTRODUCTION 487
A. SCALE OF DISPERSAL 489
B. DISPERSAL AND POPULATION DYNAMICS 491
C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES 494
II. METACOMMUNITIES AND SPECIES–AREA RELATIONSHIPS 495
A. BACKGROUND 495
B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES 498
C. REGIONAL-SCALE DIFFERENTIATION 499
D. SUMMARY 500
III. METACOMMUNITIES AND LOCAL–REGIONAL SPECIES RICHNESS RELATIONSHIPS 501
A. BACKGROUND 501
B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES 503
C. EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND RELATIVE ISLAND POSITION 505
D. SUMMARY 506
IV. METACOMMUNITIES AND RELATIVE SPECIES ABUNDANCE PATTERNS 506
A. BACKGROUND 506
B. METACOMMUNITIES AND RELATIVE SPECIES ABUNDANCE PATTERNS 507
C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES 511
D. SUMMARY 512
V. SUMMARY 512
REFERENCES 513
15: Metapopulation Ecology Marine Conservationand 520
I. INTRODUCTION 520
II. SOURCES, SINKS, AND METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS 523
III. CASE STUDIES 524
A. CORAL REEF FISHES 524
B. CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER (PANULIRUS PARGUS) 528
C. RED SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUS) 533
D. LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA) 538
IV. SUMMARY 539
REFERENCES 540
16: The Future of Metapopulation Science in Marine Ecology 546
I. INTRODUCTION 546
II. THE AMPHIBIOUSNESS OF METAPOPULATION THEORY 547
A. COMMONALITIES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 547
B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS 548
III. WHERE IN THE SEA IS METAPOPULATION THEORY LESS RELEVANT? 550
A. HIGHLY MOBILE SPECIES 550
B. HIGHLY ISOLATED POPULATIONS 551
C. WIDELY DISPERSING SPECIES 552
D. THE SPECIAL CASE OF CLONAL ORGANISMS 552
IV. OUTSTANDING RESEARCH QUESTIONS 553
A. KNOWLEDGE OF DISPERSAL PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS 553
B. KNOWLEDGE OF RATES AND EXTENTS OF CONNECTIVITY 554
C. MARINE METACOMMUNITIES 554
V. SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MANAGEMENT OF MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES 555
VI. SUMMARY 556
REFERENCES 557
INDEX 560