Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (eBook)

Cover 1
Microbiology of waterborne diseases 4
Contents 6
Preface 8
Part 1 Introduction 10
1 Risk assessment and drinking water 12
What is risk? 12
Risk assessment 13
Microbial risk assessment in drinking water 15
Introduction 15
Regulatory history 15
Application of data 16
Use of surveillance 17
Microbial risk assessment frameworks 18
Susceptible subpopulations 21
Risk communication 22
References 24
Part 2 Bacteriology 28
2 Acinetobacter 30
Basic microbiology 30
Origin and taxonomy 30
Metabolism and physiology 31
Clinical features 32
Pathogenicity and virulence 32
Treatment 33
Survival in the environment 33
Methods of detection 34
Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks 35
Risk assessment 35
References 36
3 Aeromonas 38
Basic microbiology 38
Origin and taxonomy 39
Metabolism and physiology 40
Clinical features 41
Pathogenicity and virulence 42
Treatment 43
Presence in the environment 43
Methods of isolation and detection 45
Epidemiology 46
Risk assessment 46
References 48
4 Arcobacter 52
Basic microbiology 52
Origin of the organism 52
Metabolism and biochemistry 53
Clinical features 53
Treatment 54
Environment 54
Isolation and detection 54
Epidemiology 55
Risk assessment 56
References 57
5 Campylobacter 58
Basic microbiology 58
Origin and taxonomy 59
Metabolism and physiology 59
Clinical features 60
Pathogenicity and virulence 60
Treatment 62
Survival in the environment and water 62
Methods of detection 63
Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks 64
Risk assessment 65
References 66
6 Cyanobacteria 70
Basic microbiology 70
Origin and taxonomy 70
Clinical features 71
Pathogenicity and virulence 72
Survival in the environment and water 73
Methods of detection 74
Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks 74
Risk assessment 76
References 77
7 Escherichia coli 80
Basic microbiology 80
Origins of the organism 81
Metabolism and physiology 81
Clinical features 81
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 83
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 86
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or Vero cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) 86
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 87
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 87
Virulence and pathogenicity 87
ETEC 87
EPEC 88
EHEC 89
EIEC 89
EAEC 89
DAEC 90
Treatment 90
Survival in the environment 90
Water 91
Detection 91
EPEC 92
EAEC 92
ETEC 92
EIEC 93
VTEC 93
Epidemiology 94
EPEC 94
ETEC 94
EHEC 95
EIEC 96
EAEC 96
Risk assessment 96
References 98
8 Helicobacter pylori 100
Basic microbiology 100
Origin and taxonomy 102
Metabolism and physiology 102
Clinical features 104
Virulence 107
Treatment 108
Survival in the environment 109
Water 114
Recovery of water adapted Helicobacter pylori 117
Possible mechanisms of persistence and culturability of Helicobacter pylori in water 118
Methods of detection 120
Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks 122
Risk assessment 122
Overall risk assessment 123
References 125
9 Other heterotrophic plate count bacteria (Flavobacterium, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staphylococcus) 134
Basic microbiology 134
Flavobacterium 134
Klebsiella 135
Pseudomonas 135
Serratia 135
Staphylococcus 136
Origin of the organism 136
Flavobacterium 136
Klebsiella 137
Pseudomonas 137
Serratia 137
Staphylococcus 137
Metabolism and physiology 138
Flavobacterium 138
Klebsiella 138
Pseudomonas 138
Serratia 138
Staphylococcus 138
Clinical features 139
Flavobacterium 140
Klebsiella 140
Pseudomonas 140
Serratia 141
Staphylococcus 141
Pathogenicity and virulence 141
Klebsiella 141
Pseudomonas 142
Serratia 142
Staphylococcus 142
Treatment 143
Klebsiella 143
Pseudomonas 143
Serratia 143
Staphylococcus 144
Survival in the environment and water 144
Flavobacterium 144
Klebsiella 144
Pseudomonas 145
Serratia 146
Staphylococcus 146
Methods of detection 147
Flavobacterium 147
Klebsiella 147
Pseudomonas 147
Serratia 148
Staphylococcus 148
Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks 149
Risk assessment 149
References 151
10 Legionella 154
Basic microbiology 154
Origin and taxonomy of the organism 155
Metabolism and physiology 155
Clinical features 155
Pathogenicity and virulence 156
Treatment 157
Survival in the environment 157
Methods of detection 158
Epidemiology 158
Risk assessment 159
References 160
11 The Mycobacterium avium complex 164
Basic microbiology 164
Origins of the organism 165
Clinical features 168
Treatment 170
Survival in the environment 170
Detection methods 172
Epidemiology 175
Risk assessment 176
References 177
12 Salmonella 182
Basic microbiology 182
Origin 182
Metabolism and physiology 183
Clinical features 184
Pathogenicity and virulence 184
Treatment 186
Survival in the environment 186
Survival in water 187
Methods of detection 188
Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks 189
Risk assessment 190
References 191
13 Shigella 194
Basic microbiology 194
Origin and taxonomy 194
Metabolism and physiology 195
Clinical features 195
Pathogenicity and virulence 196
Treatment 197
Survival in the environment 197
Survival in water 198
Methods of detection 199
Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks 200
Risk assessment 201
References 202
14 Vibrio cholerae 206
Basic microbiology 206
Origin and taxonomy 207
Metabolism and physiology 207
Clinical features 208
Pathogenicity and virulence 208
V. cholerae O1 209
V. cholerae O139 210
V. cholerae non-O1 210
Treatment 210
Survival in the environment 211
Survival in water 211
Methods of detection 211
Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks 212
Risk assessment 213
References 214
15 Yersinia 218
Basic microbiology 218
Origins 219
Metabolism and physiology 219
Clinical features 220
Pathogenesis and virulence 220
Treatment 221
Environment 222
Water 222
Methods of detection 223
Epidemiology 224
Risk assessment 224
References 225
Part 3 Protozoa 228
16 Acanthamoeba spp. 230
Basic microbiology 230
Origin of the organism 231
Clinical features 232
Pathogenicity and virulence 232
Treatment 233
Survival in the environment 233
Survival in water 233
Methods of detection 234
Epidemiology 235
Risk assessment 235
Future implications 236
References 237
17 Balantidium coli 240
Basic microbiology 240
Clinical features 241
Pathogenicity, virulence and causation 241
Treatment 242
Survival in the environment and in water 242
Methods of detection 242
Epidemiology 242
Risk assessment 243
Overall risk assessment 243
Future implications 244
References 244
18 Cryptosporidium spp. 246
Basic microbiology 246
Origin of the organism 248
Clinical features 249
Pathogenicity 251
Virulence 252
Causation 252
Treatment 253
Survival in the environment 254
Survival in water 255
Methods of detection 256
Epidemiology 258
Risk assessment 263
Overall risk assessment 265
Future implications 267
References 267
19 Cyclospora cayetanensis 276
Basic microbiology 276
Origin of the organism 277
Clinical features 278
Pathogenicity and virulence 279
Causation 279
Treatment 280
Survival in the environment 280
Survival in water 281
Methods of detection 282
Epidemiology 284
Risk assessment 287
Overall risk assessment 288
Future implications 289
References 290
20 Entamoeba histolytica 294
Basic microbiology 294
Origin of the organism 296
Clinical features 296
Pathogenicity and virulence 297
Causation 297
Treatment 298
Survival in the environment and in water 298
Methods of detection 299
Critical review of the epidemiology 301
Risk assessment 302
Overall risk assessment 303
Future implications 304
References 304
21 Giardia duodenalis 308
Basic microbiology 308
Origin of the organism 310
Clinical features 311
Pathogenicity and virulence 312
Causation 313
Treatment 313
Survival in the environment 313
Survival in water 315
Methods of detection 317
Epidemiology 318
Risk assessment 321
Overall risk assessment 321
Future implications 323
References 323
22 Naegleria fowleri 328
Basic microbiology 328
Origin of the organism 329
Clinical features 329
Pathogenicity, virulence and causation 329
Treatment 330
Survival in water and the environment 330
Methods of detection 330
Epidemiology 331
Risk assessment 332
References 333
23 Toxoplasma gondii 334
Basic microbiology 334
Origin of the organism 335
Clinical features 336
Pathogenicity and virulence 336
Causation 337
Treatment 337
Survival in the environment 338
Survival in water 338
Methods of detection 338
Epidemiology 339
Risk assessment 341
Overall risk assessment 342
Future implications 343
References 343
Part 4 Viruses 346
24 Common themes 348
Introduction 348
References 351
25 The survival and persistence of viruses in water 354
References 357
26 Methods for the detection of waterborne viruses 358
Concentration methods 359
Adsorption/elution 360
a. Adsorption to electronegative membranes and cartridges 362
b. Adsorption to electropositive membranes and cartridges 364
c. Adsorption to glass wool 365
d. Adsorption to glass powder 366
Entrapment 367
a. Ultrafiltration 367
b. Ultracentrifugation 368
Other methods 369
Hydroextraction 369
Iron oxide flocculation 369
Talc-celite adsorption 369
Adsorption to bituminous coal 369
Two-phase separation 370
Immunoaffinity columns and magnetic beads 370
Drying/freeze-drying 370
Detection and enumeration of waterborne viruses 371
Cell culture 372
The plaque assay 373
Monolayer plaque assay 373
Suspended cell plaque assay 374
Liquid assays 376
Most probable number assay 376
End point dilution assay (TCD[sub(50)]) 376
Choice of assay method 377
Isolation and identification 378
Isolation 378
Identification 378
Detection of viruses by molecular biology 379
References 381
27 Adenovirus 388
Basic microbiology 388
Origin of the organism 389
Clinical features and virulence 390
Pathogenicity 390
Transmission and epidemiology 391
Treatment 391
Distribution in the environment 391
Waterborne outbreaks 392
Risk assessment 393
References 394
28 Astrovirus 396
Introduction 396
Basic microbiology 397
Origin of the organism 400
Pathogenesis and clinical features 400
Transmission and epidemiology 401
Distribution in the environment 402
Risk assessment 405
References 406
29 Enterovirus (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus) 410
Basic microbiology 410
Virology of infectious poliovirus vaccine 412
Origin of the organism 412
Clinical features 412
Virulence and pathogenicity 413
Treatment 413
Environment 414
Waterborne outbreaks 419
Epidemiology 420
Risk assessment 421
References 422
30 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 428
Basic microbiology 428
Origin of the organism 429
Clinical features and virulence 429
Pathogenicity 429
Transmission and epidemiology 429
Treatment 430
Distribution in the environment 430
Waterborne outbreaks 432
Risk assessment 433
References 434
31 Hepatitis E virus (HEV) 436
Basic microbiology 436
Origin of the organism 436
Clinical features and virulence 437
Pathogenicity 437
Treatment 437
Transmission and epidemiology 437
Distribution in the environment 438
Waterborne outbreaks 438
Risk assessment 439
References 439
32 Norovirus and sapovirus 442
Basic microbiology 442
Origin of the organism 443
Clinical features and virulence 443
Pathogenicity 444
Epidemiology 444
Treatment 446
Distribution in the environment 446
Waterborne outbreaks 447
Risk assessment 449
References 450
33 Rotavirus 454
Basic microbiology 454
Origin of the organism 456
Clinical features and virulence 456
Pathogenicity 456
Transmission and epidemiology 457
Treatment 457
Distribution in the environment 458
Waterborne outbreaks 459
Risk assessment 459
References 460
Part 5 Helminths 462
34 Dracunculiasis 464
Basic parasitology 464
Origin of the organism 465
Life cycle 465
Clinical features 466
Treatment 466
Epidemiology 467
Risk assessment 467
References 468
Part 6 Future 470
35 Emerging waterborne infectious diseases 472
Microbial evolution 473
Improved diagnostic technology 473
New technology 474
Ecological change 474
Demographic change 475
International travel and trade 475
Breakdown in public health systems 475
Conclusions 476
References 476
Index 478
A 478
B 479
C 480
D 481
E 481
F 482
G 482
H 482
I 483
J 483
K 483
L 484
M 484
N 485
O 485
P 485
R 486
S 486
T 488
U 488
V 488
W 489
Y 489