Advances in Applied Microbiology (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Chapter 1: Microbial Biocatalytic Processes and Their Development 8
I. Introduction 8
II. Rationale for the Use of Microbial Biocatalysts 9
III. Mode of Operation 11
IV. Conversions Particularly Suited to Microbial Biocatalysts 12
A. Conversions as Part of a "Cell Factory" 12
B. Reactions Involving Cofactor-Requiring Enzymes 12
V. Processing Considerations for the Application of Microbial Biocatalysts 13
A. Industrial Process Requirements 13
B. Reactions Using Organic Solvent-Based Media 14
C. Oxygen-Requiring Reactions 14
D. Substrate Access 15
E. Product Recovery 15
VI. Bioprocess Development 16
VII. Future Outlook 19
A. Cell Engineering 19
B. Toward Bulk Chemical Bioprocessing 19
VIII. Concluding Remarks 20
References 20
Chapter 2: Occurrence and Biocatalytic Potential of Carbohydrate Oxidases 24
I. Introduction 24
II. Physiological Role and Catalytic Properties 27
A. Microbial Carbohydrate Oxidases 27
B. Plant Carbohydrate Oxidases 41
C. Animal Carbohydrate Oxidases 45
III. Biocatalytical Applications 48
A. Biosensors and Diagnostic Applications 48
B. Food and Drinks Applications 49
C. Synthetic Applications 50
D. Metabolic Engineering 51
IV. Conclusions and Future Prospects 52
References 52
Chapter 3: Microbial Interactions with Humic Substances 62
I. Introduction 63
II. Source and Chemistry of Humic Substances 63
A. HS in the Environment 63
B. Colloidal Nature of Humic Substances 64
C. HS Formation 65
D. Metal and Radionuclide Binding and Transport 66
E. Hydrophobic Organic Binding and Transport 67
F. Redox Reactions of HS 67
III. Interactions Between Humic Substances and Microorganisms 68
A. Degradation of Humic Substances by Microbial Agents 68
B. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Between Bacteria and Humic Substances 69
C. HS as Electron Acceptors and Electron Shuttles 70
D. Quinone Moieties Act as Electron Acceptors in HS Reduction 71
E. A Survey of Microorganisms Capable of Reducing Humic Substances 72
F. Humic Substances as Electron Donors 74
G. Adsorption of Bacteria to HS 76
H. Complexation of Enzymes by HS 77
I. AQDS and Microbial Taxis 78
IV. The Biochemistry of Microbial HS Reduction and Oxidation 78
A. A Speculation: Relationships Between HS Respiration and Endogenous Electron Shuttles 79
B. Pathways of Quinone Reduction as a Respiratory Process 80
C. Regulation of AQDS Reduction in the Presence of Alternative Electron Acceptors 81
D. Hydroquinone Oxidation: A Black Box 82
E. Potential Toxicity of AQDS 83
V. Microbes, Contaminants, and HS: Remediation Promise, Remediation Concerns 83
A. Immobilization of Metals 84
B. HS and Bacteria: Roles in Remediation of Organic Pollutants 87
C. Reduction of Nitrobenzenes 88
D. Reduction of Azo Dyes 88
E. Reductive Dehalogenation 89
F. Humic Substances as Electron Acceptors for the Mineralization of Organic Contaminants 90
G. HS and Bioavailability of Pollutants for Degradation 91
VI. Conclusions 93
Acknowledgments 93
References 93
Chapter 4: Significance of Microbial Interactions in the Mycorrhizosphere 104
I. Introduction 104
II. The Mycorrhizosphere as a Soil Compartment 106
III. The Physical and Chemical Environment of the Mycorrhizosphere 106
A. Physicochemical Properties 106
B. Release of Organic Materials into the Mycorrhizosphere by Roots and Hyphae 107
IV. Interactions Between Microbes and Symbionts Prior to and During Mycorrhiza Formation 109
A. Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria 109
B. Characterizing Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria Effects 110
C. Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria Mechanisms 113
D. Mycorrhization-Inhibiting Bacteria 115
V. Interactions Between Mycorrhizas and Free-Living Nonpathogenic Organisms 116
A. Bacterial Biomass and Community Structure 116
B. Fungal Biomass and Community Structure 117
C. Interactions with Fauna 118
D. Decomposition Processes in the Mycorrhizosphere 118
E. Interactions with Microbes Contributing to N and P Cycling 120
F. Localization of Microbes Within the Mycorrhizosphere 121
G. Nutritional Aspects of Mycorrhizosphere Interactions 122
VI. Pathogen Interactions with Mycorrhizas 123
A. Control of Pathogens by Mycorrhizas 123
B. Mechanisms and Microbial Interactions Associated with Disease Control 123
VII. Conclusions 128
Acknowledgments 128
References 129
Chapter 5: Escherich and Escherichia 140
I. Introduction 141
II. The Naming of Bacteria and the "Mystery" of "E" 141
III. A Paradox: The Golden Age of Bacteriology, and Persistence of Noncontagious Notions of Transmissible Diseases 142
IV. The Invention of the Word "Bacteriology" and the Rapid Rise of Bacteriology as a Distinct Discipline 144
V. Theodor Escherich's Life 145
A. From Medical Studies to Assistant in Wuumlrzburg 145
B. Studies in Vienna and Paris: Makings of a Pediatrician 147
C. Work in Munich: Makings of a Bacteriologist 147
D. A Study of Cholera in Naples 148
E. To Graz, Austria, as Associate Professor of Pediatrics, and Innovations Therein: Spread of Escherich's Fame 149
F. Escherich Attracts Brilliant Students 151
G. To Vienna as Professor of Pediatrics and Director of a Famous Children's Hospital 151
H. Various Achievements in Vienna, Medical and Social 151
I. Escherich as Vice President and Only European Pediatrician at 1904 Congress of Arts and Sciences, Held as Part of St.Louis World's Fair 152
J. Escherich Becomes Famous and Initiates Construction of the Imperial Institute of Maternal and Child Care 153
K. Bacterium coli commune, a Propellant to Fame 153
L. Escherich's Vienna Hospital: A Mecca For Pediatricians 154
M. Escherich's Books and a Review 155
N. Escherich's Clinical Versatility 155
O. Escherich as Teacher, Pediatric Scholar, and Master Educator 156
P. Escherich's Sudden Death 157
Q. Summary: The Life of a Socio-Pediatrician 157
R. Obituaries 158
S. Late Appraisals of Escherich's Accomplishments 159
T. Escherich's Uniqueness 160
VI. First Studies with Bacterium coli commune: Search for the Bacterial Cause of Infantile Diarrhea 161
A. Introduction 161
B. The 1885 Lecture 164
C. Three Bacterial Profiles in Intestines of the Developing Infant: Prevalence of Bacterium coli commune in Early Life 165
D. Escherich's Classical 1886 Book on Infants' Intestinal Bacteria: Masterpiece of a 29-Year-Old 167
E. Early Fascination and Denigration of Bacterium coli: Lessons of Methodological Limitations 171
F. Luck and the Discovery of Bacterium coli commune 172
G. The Incidence of Intestinal E. coli: A Tale of Diminution 173
VII. Escherichia: Vagaries of a Name 175
VIII. Escherich's Neglect of His Discovery of Campylobacter jejuni and of Some Other Bacteria 179
IX. Extensive Studies with E. coli, Long Before the Advent of Molecular Biology 181
A. Early Interests 181
B. The Development of Classical Biochemistry Depended Heavily on Studies with Bacterium coli commmune 183
C. Bacterial Genetics Originates with Bacterium coli mutabile 186
X. Summary 189
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
Index 204
Contents of Previous Volumes 212