Biology of the Eye (eBook)
406 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-047609-4 (ISBN)
This book is the result of a collective effort. Due to an oversight, mention of three of the contributors who played an especially decisive role in bringing the work to fruition was omitted from the book. They should share fully in the intellectual credits accruing from this publication. I would therefore like to acknowledge and thank the following for their outstanding contributions to editing the work:
Dr. Morten Dornonville la Cour (MD, Dr. Med. Sci.) solicited and edited the chapters on retina, RPE, choroid, vitreous, immunology, and sclera. Dr. la Cour is a Lecturer, Eye Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, specializes in vitreoretinal surgery, and frequently lectures in the international scene. A trained mathematician, he has done research in retinal pigment epithelial physiology in the laboratories of Drs. Thomas Zeuthen and Sheldon Miller.
Dr. Friedrich P.J. Diecke and Dr. Elliott M. Kanner also provided invaluable editorial assistance. Dr Diecke, who was formerly Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, is a Professor Emeritus at that institution. His research has concentrated on membrane transport mechanisms in lens epithelial cells, corneal endothelial cells and peripheral nerve and on the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Dr. Elliott M. Kanner was born in Canada in 1970. He graduated from Yale University in 1992 with a BS/MS degree in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. He received his PhD degree from the Rockefeller University in 1999 and his MD degree from Weill/Cornell in 2001. He is currently an Ophthalmology resident at Columbia University.
Jorge Fischbarg, December 2005
This book explores the many recent novel ideas about the eye in a systematic and synthetic way. It includes both basic sciences and applications towards clinical research. Chapters include both anatomical and functional descriptions of the different ocular tissues and treatments of a few subjects of practical importance for ophthalmologists. This book is intended for students in basic biomedical science interested in the eye, as well as ophthalmologists a comprehensive source on recent developments in ocular research.
* Combines basic science and practical opthalmological subjects
* Written with the simplicity of a textbook, while maintaining the comprehensive and rigorous approach of science papers
* Includes contributions by well-known experts
Acknowledgement This book is the result of a collective effort. Due to an oversight, mention of three of the contributors who played an especially decisive role in bringing the work to fruition was omitted from the book. They should share fully in the intellectual credits accruing from this publication. I would therefore like to acknowledge and thank the following for their outstanding contributions to editing the work: Dr. Morten Dornonville la Cour (MD, Dr. Med. Sci.) solicited and edited the chapters on retina, RPE, choroid, vitreous, immunology, and sclera. Dr. la Cour is a Lecturer, Eye Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, specializes in vitreoretinal surgery, and frequently lectures in the international scene. A trained mathematician, he has done research in retinal pigment epithelial physiology in the laboratories of Drs. Thomas Zeuthen and Sheldon Miller. Dr. Friedrich P.J. Diecke and Dr. Elliott M. Kanner also provided invaluable editorial assistance. Dr Diecke, who was formerly Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, is a Professor Emeritus at that institution. His research has concentrated on membrane transport mechanisms in lens epithelial cells, corneal endothelial cells and peripheral nerve and on the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Dr. Elliott M. Kanner was born in Canada in 1970. He graduated from Yale University in 1992 with a BS/MS degree in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. He received his PhD degree from the Rockefeller University in 1999 and his MD degree from Weill/Cornell in 2001. He is currently an Ophthalmology resident at Columbia University. Jorge Fischbarg, December 2005 This book explores the many recent novel ideas about the eye in a systematic and synthetic way. It includes both basic sciences and applications towards clinical research. Chapters include both anatomical and functional descriptions of the different ocular tissues and treatments of a few subjects of practical importance for ophthalmologists. This book is intended for students in basic biomedical science interested in the eye, as well as ophthalmologists a comprehensive source on recent developments in ocular research.* Combines basic science and practical opthalmological subjects * Written with the simplicity of a textbook, while maintaining the comprehensive and rigorous approach of science papers * Includes contributions by well-known experts
Cover 1
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1: Why the Eye Is Round 14
I. Introduction 15
II. Why Are Things Round? 17
A. Inanimate Objects 17
B. Animate Objects 18
III. Why Are Eyes Round? 19
A. Optical Properties 19
B. Eye Movement 21
C. Hollow 21
D. Phylogeny and/or Ontogeny 22
E. Conclusions 23
IV. Pressure 23
A. Surface Tension 23
B. Pressure in the Eye 24
V. Aqueous Flow 24
A. Balance of Inflow and Outflow 24
B. Inflow 25
C. Outflow 25
VI. The Ciliary Body 26
A. Structure 26
B. Numbers in Science 26
C. Reynolds Number 26
D. Peclet Number 27
E. Concentration Number 28
F. Fluid Transport 28
G. Ion Transport 29
H. Active or Passive 30
VII. Large Scale Aqueous Motions 31
VIII. Control of Intraocular Pressure 31
IX. Summary 32
Acknowledgments 32
References 32
Chapter 2: Tears and Their Secretion 34
I. Functions of the Tear Film 35
II. Organization of the Tear Film 38
III. Orbital Glands and Ocular Surface Epithelia that Secrete Tears 38
IV. Secretion of the Lipid Layer of the Tear Film 40
A. Meibomian Glands 40
B. Functional Anatomy 40
C. Regulation of Secretion 43
D. Secretory Product 44
E. Function of Lipid Layer 45
V. Secretion of the Aqueous Layer of the Tear Film 45
A. Main Lacrimal Gland 45
B. Accessory Lacrimal Glands 72
C. Corneal Epithelium 74
D. Conjunctival Epithelium 78
E. Function of the Aqueous Layer of the Tear Film 80
VI. Secretion of the Tear Film Mucous Layer 82
A. Goblet Cells 82
B. Corneal and Conjunctival Stratified Squamous Cells 87
C. Function of the Tear Film Mucous Layer 88
VII. Role of Tear Secretion in Maintaining the Ocular Surface 88
Acknowledgments 88
References 88
Further Reading 95
Chapter 3: The Cornea 96
Introduction 97
I. Gross Anatomy 97
II. Embryology 99
III. Structure and Composition of Epithelium 101
A. The Tear Film 103
B. Light and Dark Cells 104
C. Langerhans Cells 104
D. Innervation 104
E. Limbal Structure 105
IV. Structure and Composition of Stroma 107
V. Aspects of Physiology 110
A. Function of the Epithelium as a Barrier 110
VI. Epithelial Permeability and Electrophysiology 111
VII. Nutrition and Metabolic Supply 112
VIII. Metabolic Pathways in the Cornea 113
IX. Renewal of Epithelium and Stroma 114
A. Image Transmission Through the Cornea 114
X. The Optical Quality of the Surface 115
XI. Transparency of Corneal Tissue 115
XII. Stromal Transparency 117
A. Mechanical Stability of the Cornea 119
XIII. Corneal Shape and Tissue Mechanics 119
XIV. Stromal Swelling 119
XV. Final Remarks 122
References 122
Further Reading 123
Chapter 4: The Corneal Endothelium 126
I. Introduction 126
II. The Endothelium Corneal Transparency
III. Cell Number Progression 128
IV. Shape, Function, and Transparency of Endothelial Cells 129
V. Electrolyte Transport by the Endothelium 132
VI. Electrical Phenomena in and Around the Endothelium 132
VII. Water Pathways 135
VIII. The Mechanism Underlying Fluid Transport: Local Osmosis vs. Electroosmosis 136
IX. Conclusions 137
References 138
Further Reading 138
Chapter 5: Ciliary Body and Ciliary Epithelium 140
I. Structure of the Ciliary body 141
II. Blood Capillaries in the Ciliary Processes 143
III. Barrier Function of the Ciliary Epithelium 145
IV. Tight Junctions Between Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium Cells 147
V. Polarized Distribution of Ion Transporters 148
VI. Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium 149
VII. Cooperation Between Pigmented and Nonpigmented Cell Layers 151
VIII. Bilayer Model of Ion Transport 152
IX. Divided Chamber Studies 153
X. Hydrostatic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure 155
XI. Volume Regulation and Water Movement 156
XII. Controlling the Rate of Aqueous Humor Formation 157
Acknowledgments 159
References 159
Further Reading 161
Chapter 6: The Lens 162
I. Introduction 163
II. The Cellular Architecture of the Lens Epithelium 164
A. Polarity: The Developmental Viewpoint 164
B. The Paracellular and Transcellular Pathways 164
C. The Cellular Architecture of the Lens 165
D. The Cortex 165
E. The Nucleus 170
III. The Molecular Machinery 174
A. Channels 174
B. Aquaporins 174
C. Connexins 181
D. Potassium Conductance 185
E. Sodium and Chloride Conductance 186
F. Transporters 186
G. The Na,K-ATPase Antiporter 187
IV. The Circulating Fluxes Model 188
Acknowledgments 190
References 190
Chapter 7: The Vitreous 194
I. Introduction 194
II. Gross Anatomy 195
A. Ultrastructure and Biochemistry 197
B. Biophysical Aspects 199
C. Development 200
III. Aging of the Vitreous 202
References 205
Further Reading 207
Chapter 8: The Retina 208
I. Overview of the Functional Architecture of the Retina 209
II. Photoreceptor Cells 216
A. Distribution of Photoreceptors 219
B. Photoreceptor Electrophysiology 220
C. Photopigments 221
D. Activation of the Phototransduction Cascade 224
E. Inactivation 226
F. Photoreceptor Adaptation 227
G. Regeneration of the Visual Pigments 228
H. The Visual Cycle and Retinal Disease 230
III. The Outer Plexiform Layer 230
IV. Horizontal Cells 232
V. Bipolar Cells 233
A. Rod Bipolar Cells 234
B. Cone Bipolar Cells 235
VI. Amacrine Cells 236
A. The AII Amacrine Cell 237
B. The Starburst Amacrine Cells 239
C. Dopaminergic Amacrine Cells 240
D. DAPI-3 Amacrine Cells 240
E. Nitrergic Amacrine Cells 241
VII. Interplexiform Cells 241
VIII. Inner Plexiform Layer 244
IX. Ganglion Cells 245
A. Midget Ganglion Cells 247
B. Parasol Ganglion Cells 248
C. Light-Sensitive Ganglion Cells 248
X. Nerve Fiber Layer 248
XI. Centrifugal Fibers 249
XII. Neurotransmitters in the Retina 249
XIII. Glial Cells 251
XIV. The Retinal Extracellular Space 253
XV. Retinal Circulation and Metabolism 254
XVI. Development 255
References 260
Chapter 9: The Retinal Pigment Epithelium 266
I. RPE Function 267
II. Photoreceptor Outer Segment Turnover 268
III. Retinoid Metabolism and the Visual Cycle 270
IV. Production of Cytokines 273
V. Transport 274
VI. The RPE in Wound Healing and Proliferative Vitreoretinal Disease 277
VII. Development 279
References 280
Further Reading 284
Chapter 10: The Choroid and Optic Nerve Head 286
I. Definition 286
II. Anatomy 287
III. The Choroidal Circulation 289
IV. The Circulation of the Optic Disc 292
V. Innervation of the Choroid 295
VI. Physiology 296
VII. Choroidal Blood Flow Measurements 300
VIII. Development 301
References 302
Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity of the Eye 304
I. Introduction 305
II. Innate and Adaptive Immunity 306
III. The Innate Immune System and the Eye 306
IV. Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, and Defensins 307
V. Complement 308
VI. Neutrophils, Macrophages, and NK Cells 309
VII. The Adaptive Immune System 310
VIII. The Spleen is Required for the Induction of ACAID 311
IX. The Cellular Basis for Generation of ACAID 311
X. The Molecular Basis for Induction of ACAID 312
XI. Thrombospondin (TSP) and the Generation of ACAID 312
XII. Peptide Hormones in AqH Exerting Immune Regulatory Activities 313
XIII. Immune Regulatory Activities of Epithelial Cells Lining the Interior of the Eye 313
XIV. Conclusions 314
References 315
Further Reading 318
Chapter 12: Drug Delivery to the Eye 320
I. Introduction 321
II. Structure and Function of the Eye 321
A. Structures of Cornea and Retina 322
III. Ocular Fluid Dynamics 326
A. Aqueous Humor Dynamics 326
B. Fluid Flow in Vitreous Body 329
IV. Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to Eye 332
V. Current Modes of Administration 334
A. Topical 334
B. Systemic Administration 336
C. Intravitreal Drug Delivery 337
D. Intravitreal Implants 338
E. Scleral Drug Delivery 339
F. Subconjunctival 339
VI. Carrier-Mediated Drug Delivery 340
A. Drug Efflux Pumps in Ocular Tissues 343
B. Strategy for Site-Specific Drug Delivery 344
C. Prodrugs Targeted toward Transporters 345
D. Transporters/Receptors in Ocular Tissues 346
VII. Strategies to Improve Ocular Bioavailability By Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery 350
A. Anterior Segment 350
B. Posterior Segment 351
VIII. Conclusions 353
Acknowledgments 354
References 354
Further Reading 364
Chapter 13: The Sclera 366
I. Anatomy 367
II. Structure and Ultrastructure 369
III. Biochemistry 371
IV. Scleral Biomechanics 373
V. Permeability of the Sclera 374
VI. The Trabecular Meshwork and the Lamina Cribrosa 375
VII. Embryology and Development 377
VIII. Aging of the Sclera 378
IX. The Role of Sclera in Disorders of the Eye 379
X. Pharmaceutical Modulation of the Sclera 381
References 382
Index 388
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 1.12.2006 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-047609-0 / 0080476090 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-047609-4 / 9780080476094 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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