Cover 1
Title page 2
Series Editors 3
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Chapter 1: New Insights into Fatty Acid Modulation of Pancreatic beta-Cell Function 10
I. Introduction 11
II. Metabolism of Glucose and Fatty Acids in the beta Cell 11
A. Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Secretion 11
B. Glucose as Lipid Precursor in beta Cell 13
C. Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in beta Cells 16
III. Impact of Free Fatty Acids and Adiponectin on beta-Cell Metabolism 19
A. Impact of Free Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism 19
B. Impact of Adiponectin on Free Fatty Acids and Glucose Metabolism 20
C. Modulation of Insulin Secretion by Free Fatty Acids 21
1. In Vivo Studies 21
2. In Vitro Studies 23
IV. Roles of Free Fatty Acids in Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways 24
A. Free Fatty Acids-Dependent Molecular Interactions with Regulatory Proteins 24
1. Protein Acylation 24
2. Ion Channels 24
3. Protein Kinase C 25
B. Fatty Acids Modulation of Insulin Signaling 26
1. Insulin Receptor 26
2. Effects of Free Fatty Acids on Insulin Signaling Pathways 29
3. Free Fatty Acids and GPR40 Receptors 31
V. Other Roles of Free Fatty Acids 32
A. Free Fatty Acids and Gene Expression 32
B. Free Fatty Acids and beta-Cell Apoptosis 33
C. Provision of Free Fatty Acids from Leukocytes 35
VI. Concluding Remarks 36
Acknowledgments 37
References 37
Chapter 2: Drosophila RNA Binding Proteins 52
I. Introduction 52
II. Canonical RNA Binding Proteins 53
A. RRM Proteins 53
1. Bruno 71
2. snRNP Proteins 101
3. Squid 102
4. Hrb27C 102
5. Sex-Lethal 103
6. Orb 104
B. KH Domain Proteins 105
1. Bic-C 105
2. Fmr1 106
3. DP1 108
4. PSI 109
5. Mask 110
C. DEAD/DEAH or DExH/D Box Proteins 110
1. Vasa 111
2. Belle 112
3. eIF4AIII 112
D. Double-Stranded RNA Binding Proteins 113
1. Staufen 113
2. Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 114
E. Zinc Finger Proteins 115
1. Nanos 116
III. RNA Binding Proteins That Lack Canonical RNA Binding Motifs 118
A. Pumilio and the Puf Domain 118
B. Smaug and the Smaug Domain 120
C. Bicoid 123
D. Apontic 124
IV. Other RNA Binding Domains and Factors 125
A. RNA Binding Domains 125
B. RNA Localization Factors 126
C. Translation Factors 128
V. Concluding Remarks 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
Chapter 3: Plasticity of Pelvic Autonomic Ganglia and Urogenital Innervation 150
I. Overview of the Function and Structure of Pelvic Ganglia 150
II. Structure of Adult Mammalian Pelvic Ganglia 152
A. Interspecies Differences 152
B. Transmitters and Other Neuron-Specific Markers 156
C. Connections with the Other Parts of the Nervous System 159
D. Development of Pelvic Ganglia and Innervation of Urogenital Organs 163
E. Sexual Dimorphism of Pelvic Ganglia and Urogenital Innervation 164
III. Sex Steroid Actions on Pelvic Ganglia and Their Projections 167
A. Types of Sex Steroid Action on Neurons 167
B. Androgens and Pelvic Visceral Innervation 169
C. Estrogens and Pelvic Visceral Innervation 177
IV. Injury of Pelvic Ganglia and Their Projections 180
A. Axotomy 180
B. Deafferentation and Spinal Injury 184
C. Other Clinical Conditions 187
V. Neurotrophic Factors for Adult Pelvic Ganglion’Neurons 189
A. Neurotrophic Factors for Sympathetic Pelvic Neurons 189
B. Neurotrophic Factors for Parasympathetic Pelvic Neurons 192
VI. Concluding Remarks 195
Acknowledgments 195
References 195
Chapter 4: Vomeronasal Versus Olfactory Epithelium: Is There a Cellular Basis for Human Vomeronasal Perception? 218
I. Introduction 219
II. Neuroanatomy of the Vomeronasal System in Vertebrates 220
A. Historical Background 220
B. Definitions 222
C. The Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) in Nonhuman Vertebrates 223
D. Differences Between Olfactory and Vomeronasal Structures 226
E. Vomeronasal Structures During Development and Regression 227
1. Derivatives of the Olfactory Placode: Olfactory Nerve, Vomeronasal Nerve, and LHRH Neurons 227
2. Nervus Terminalis (Cranial Nerve Zero) 232
3. New Insights into the Nature of the Olfactory Placode 233
4. Guidance Molecules 234
5. Regression of the Vomeronasal System 235
F. Vomeronasal Structures in Adult Humans 235
1. Vomeronasal Duct 235
2. Nasopalatine Duct Versus Vomeronasal Duct 243
III. Function of the VNO in Humans 244
A. Immunohistochemistry of the Vomeronasal Epithelium 244
1. Neuronal Markers 244
2. Intermediate Filaments: Cytokeratins and Vimentin 244
3. Lectins 245
4. Endogenous Lectins 246
5. Integrins and Caveolins 247
6. Hyaluronan Receptor CD44, Hyaluronan Binding Protein (HBP), and Ezrin 248
7. Proliferative and Apoptotic Activity 248
8. Aquaporins 248
B. The Site for "Vomeronasal" Chemoreception in Humans 250
1. What Are Human Pheromones? 251
2. What and Where Are the Receptors for Human Pheromone Candidates? Molecular and Genetic Basis for Vomeronasal and Olfactory Receptors 252
3. Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Data on Human ‘‘Vomeronasal’’ Perception 254
IV. Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 255
Acknowledgments 256
References 256
Chapter 5: Tight Junctions: Molecular Architecture and Function 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Molecular Composition 272
III. Junctional Diffusion Barriers 281
A. Selective Paracellular Permeability 281
B. Restriction of Apical/Basolateral Diffusion of Lipids 284
IV. Regulation of Epithelial Polarization and Proliferation 285
A. Epithelial Polarization and Junction Formation 285
B. Epithelial Proliferation and Gene Expression 289
V. Concluding Remarks 293
Acknowledgments 293
References 294
Index 308