Advances in Parasitology (eBook)

Cover 1
Advances in Parasitology 4
Contributors to Volume 59 6
Preface 8
Contents 12
Genes and Susceptibility to Leishmaniasis 16
Abstract 17
Introduction 18
Leishmania and Leishmaniasis 19
Animal Models of Leishmaniasis 22
The Immunology of Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its Role in Host Resistance to Disease 23
The Innate Immune Response in Murine Leishmaniasis 24
The role of macrophages in murine leishmaniasis 24
The role of dendritic cells in murine leishmaniasis 27
The role of additional mechanisms of innate immunity in murine leishmaniasis 29
The Role of the Adaptive Immune Response in Leishmaniasis 32
The role of T cells in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis 32
T helper cell polarisation 33
The early T cell response to L. major infection 34
Regulatory T cells 35
The Role of Cytokines and Other Immunomodulatory Molecules in Murine Leishmaniasis 36
Interleukin-4 and -10 36
Interferon-. and IL-12 39
TNF-a, TGF-ß and accessory molecules 42
Transcription Factors Involved in the Th1/Th2 Response 43
The Immunology of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its Role in Host Resistance to Disease 44
The Genetic Tools for Analysis of Host Response to Infection in the Mouse 46
Multiple Strain Comparisons 48
Mapping Host Response Loci in the Mouse 48
Intercrosses or Backcrosses 49
Recombinant Inbred Strains (RIS) 50
Recombinant Congenic Strains (RCS) 51
Common Haplotype Mapping 51
Congenic Strains (CS) 52
Gene Discovery and Validation 52
The Genetic Tools for Analysis of Host Response in Humans 53
Association Studies 54
Linkage Analysis 55
Affected Family Member Studies 56
Future Approaches to Mapping Host Response Genes in Human Populations 56
The Genetics of Host Response to Leishmaniasis 57
Genetics of Susceptibility to Leishmaniasis in Mice 57
Genetics of Susceptibility to Leishmaniasis in Humans 64
Environmental Factors Influencing Leishmaniasis 66
Conclusions 68
Acknowledgements 69
References 70
Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis 92
Abstract 93
Introduction 94
Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomy 94
Biological and Molecular Characteristics 94
Current Taxonomy 100
Life Cycle and Development 103
Establishment 103
Life Cycle 104
Developmental Stages in the Life Cycle 106
Trophozoite 106
Meront I 107
Meront II 107
Merozoites 108
Microgamonts 108
Macrogamonts 109
Oocysts 109
Sporozoites 110
Maintenance and Amplification of Cryptosporidium 110
In vivo maintenance in animal models 111
In vitro cultivation 112
Host-Parasite Relationship 114
Pathogenesis 114
Immunobiology 116
Infections in Humans 119
Infections in Cattle 120
Infections in Sheep and Goats 122
Infections in Pigs 123
Infections in Poultry 124
Infection in Horses 125
Infection in Dogs and Cats 125
Infections in Reptiles 125
Infections in Fish 126
The Regulation of Biochemical Processes 126
Cryptosporidium parvum Genome 127
Core Energy Metabolism 130
Fatty Acid and Polyketide Synthesis 133
Nucleic Acid Metabolism 135
Amino Acid Metabolism 136
Conclusions 137
Epidemiology and Transmission 138
Cycles of Transmission and Zoonotic Potential 138
Epidemiology of Infections in Humans 142
Control 145
Detection 145
Chemotherapy 147
Immunotherapy and Immunoprophylaxis 151
Perspectives for the Future 153
Acknowledgements 153
References 154
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet and Ichthyophthiriosis in Freshwater Teleosts 174
Abstract 175
Introduction 175
Importance and Global Distribution 175
Life Cycle 178
Historical Background and Taxonomy 178
Free-Living Stages 181
Tomont 181
Behaviour and encystment 181
Reproduction 182
Survival conditions 183
Theront 184
Host Finding and Contact 187
Infection of the Fish Host 188
Invasion of the Fish Epidermis 188
Site of Infection 191
Trophont 192
Structure and Function 192
General features of morphology 192
Cell structure and function 194
Excretory system 198
Endoplasm 199
Growth and Development 200
Feeding and Digestion 201
Reproduction within the Fish Host 203
Exit from the Fish Host 205
Culture in vitro and Cryopreservation 208
Immunity To Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 209
i-Antigens 209
Protective Immunity 213
Parasite Evasion of the Host Immune Response 220
Ichthyophthiriosis 222
Control and Treatment 224
Water Management 226
Use of Chemicals 227
Chemicals effective against free-living stages of the parasite 228
Drugs which kill the trophont in situ 230
(a) Current status 230
(b) New drugs against ichthyophthiriosis 230
Vaccine Development 232
Vaccines based on whole cells and sonicates 232
Recombinant vaccines 233
Conclusion 234
Acknowledgement 235
References 235
Biology of the Phylum Nematomorpha 258
Abstract 259
Morphology 260
Morphology of Gordiida 261
Morphology of Nectonema 264
The Larva 265
Development within the Host 265
Taxonomy and Systematics 266
Biodiversity of Nematomorpha 266
Intraspecific Variation 270
Biogeography 270
Phylogeny 272
Life Cycle and Ecology 273
General Life Cycle 273
Paratenic Hosts 275
The identity of paratenic hosts 276
Natural paratenic hosts 278
Paratenesis 279
The role of the paratenic host 280
(a) Increasing infectivity of parasites 281
(b) Increasing parasite longevity 282
(c) Recovery of lost infective stages 282
(d) Dispersal/maintenance at a site 282
(e) The significance of the paratenic host in the evolution of the parasites 284
(f) Conclusion 284
Experimental Life Cycles 284
Sex Ratio 286
Distribution 287
Introduction 287
Distribution at fine scale 288
Temporal distribution 290
Conclusion and future study 290
Humans and Gordiids 291
Gordiids in sources of potable water 291
Gordiids around the home 291
Pseudoparasitism 292
Host Behavioural Alterations 294
Introduction 294
Study System 295
Host Behaviour 296
Host Changes Caused by Manipulation 299
Physiology and neurology 299
Proteomics 303
Manipulation or Collaboration? 304
Conclusion and Future Studies 305
General Conclusion 306
Acknowledgements 308
References 308
Index 322
Contents of Volumes in This Series 342
The Colour Plate Section appears between pages 177 and 178. 350