Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Chapter 1. Reinterpretation of Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback: Implications to Behavioral and Metabolic Disease 21
I. Glucocorticoid Hormones and a New Hypothesis of Glucocorticoid Feedback 22
II. Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback 24
III. What Do Studies Using MR and GR Antagonists Tell Us about Glucocorticoid Feedback? 27
IV. CNS Lesion Studies and Presumed Sites of Glucocorticoid Feedback 29
V. Brain Exposure to Glucocorticoids: Feedback Sites Revealed? 30
VI. Acute Stress and Glucocorticoid Feedback 31
VII. Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Energy Balance. Glucocorticoids Feed Back to Stimulate CRF Pathways and the HPA Axis 31
VIII. Glucocorticoids, the HPA Axis, and Energy Balance 33
IX. Feeding Restores Energy Balance and Blunts HPA, CRF, and Behavioral Responses to Stress 35
X. Reinterpretation of Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback. A Glucocorticoid–Metabolic–Brain Feedback Axis? 38
XI. Implications of the Glucocorticoid–Metabolic–Brain Feedback Axis 40
References 43
Chapter 2. Activation of the Ligand–Mineralocorticoid Receptor Functional Unit by Ancient, Classical, and Novel Ligands. Structure–Activity Relationship 51
I. Introduction 52
II. The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily 54
III. Steroid Receptors 56
IV. The Mineralocorticoid Effect 57
V. Structure–Activity Relationship for the Mineralocorticoid Effect 60
VI. Limitations of the Model 65
VII. Progesterone and Progesterone Derivatives 66
VIII. Extra-Adrenal Mineralocorticoid Agonists 69
IX. A Novel Synthetic Mineralocorticoid„11,19-Oxidoprogesterone 70
X. Ligand-Dependent Cytoplasmic Trafficking of the MR 72
XI. Redox Milieu Regulates Ligand Binding to the MR and Receptor Bioavailability 76
XII. Envoy 78
References 82
Chapter 3. Reciprocal Regulation and Integration of Signaling by Intracellular Calcium and Cyclic GMP 89
I. Introduction 90
II. Regulation of [Ca 2+]i by cGMP 90
III. Regulation of [cGMP]i by Ca2+ 94
IV. Cyclic GMP–Calcium Signaling and Cellular Physiology 99
V. Conclusions 107
References 108
Chapter 4. Unusual Guanylyl Cyclases and cGMP Signaling in Dictyostelium Discoideum 115
I. Introduction 116
II. cGMP Targets 117
III. cGMP Phosphodiesterases 119
IV. Guanylyl Cyclases 120
V. Desensitization of cGMP Response 127
VI. Translocation of sGC to the Membrane 129
VII. Phylogeny of the cGMP Pathway 130
VIII. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 131
References 131
Chapter 5. CRH, Stress and Major Depression: A Psychobiological Interplay 137
I. Major Depression: Clinical Characteristics and Etiology 139
II. CRH, the HPA Axis, and Stress 141
III. Major Depression and the HPA Axis 144
IV. HPA Axis, MDD, and Genetics 152
V. Early Trauma and HPA Axis Development 160
VI. Conclusion 162
References 163
Chapter 6. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Structure, Expression, and Signaling Transduction 171
I. Introduction 172
II. GnRH Receptors Belong to the Family of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors 173
III. GnRH Receptors Possess Unique Features 176
IV. GnRH Receptor is Expressed in Extrapituitary Tissues and Various Tumors 179
V. Multiple Transcripts of GnRH Receptor are Present in Human Pituitary and Tumors 180
VI. GnRH Analogues Suppress Tumor Growth 181
VII. Structure of the GnRH Receptor 183
VIII. Nonmammalian GnRH Receptors Differ from Mammalian GnRH Receptors 187
IX. Mammalian GnRH-II Receptor (Type II Receptor) Contains C-Terminal Domain 188
X. GnRH-II Stimulates FSH and LH Secretion by Activating GnRH-I Receptors 191
XI. GnRH Receptor Mutations in Patients with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 192
XII. GnRH Mediates its Functions through Multiple Signaling Pathways 194
XIII. GnRH Regulates Expression of a Large Number of Downstream Signaling Genes 199
References 211
Chapter 7. Familial Growth Hormone Deficiency and Mutations in the GHRH Receptor Gene 229
I. Introduction 230
II. The GHRH Receptor and its Gene 232
III. Mutations in the GHRHR Gene 233
IV. Clinical, Hormonal, and Radiological Phenotype of Patients with Bi-Allelic GHRHR Mutations 235
V. Hormonal and Radiological Phenotype of Heterozygous Carriers 237
VI. Conclusions 237
References 238
Chapter 8. The Roles of Phospholipase C-.1 and Actin-Binding Protein Filamin A in Signal Transduction of the Insulin Receptor 241
I. Introduction 242
II. Insulin Receptor Sequence and Structure Analysis 242
III. PLC.1 and Insulin Signaling 249
IV. Filamin A and Insulin Signaling 255
V. Conclusions 260
References 261
Chapter 9. Regulation of Expression of the NA+/H+ Exchanger by Thyroid Hormone 269
I. Introduction 270
II. Psychological Significance of NHE1 271
III. Na+/H+ Exchanger Basic Structure 274
IV. General Aspects of Regulation of Expression of NHE1 275
V. Initial Studies on Cloning and Characterization of the Mouse NHE1 Promoter 276
VI. Regulation of NHE1 by Thyroid Hormone 277
VII. Summary and Future Directions 281
References 282
Chapter 10. Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein: Structure and Interactions with Retinol, Retinoids, and Transthyretin 291
I. Introduction 292
II. High-Resolution Structure of Retinol-Binding Protein in Complex with Retinol 296
III. Structure of Apo Retinol-Binding Protein 301
IV. Structure of Retinol-Binding Protein in Complex with Retinoids 303
V. Structure of the Retinol-Binding Protein–Transthyretin Complex 307
VI. Summary and Conclusions 311
References 312
Chapter 11. Role of Magnesium, Coenzyme Q10, Riboflavin, and Vitamin B12 in Migraine Prophylaxis 317
I. Introduction 318
II. Magnesium 320
III. Coenzyme Q10 321
IV. Riboflavin 322
V. Vitamin B12 and Homocysteine 323
VI. Conclusions 327
References 328
Index 333