Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena (eBook)

Front Cover 1
RECRYSTALLIZATION AND RELATED ANNEALING PHENOMENA 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Colour plates 18
Symbols 22
Abbreviations 24
Preface to the first edition 26
Preface to the second edition 28
Acknowledgements 30
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 32
1.1 The annealing of a deformed material 32
1.2 Historical perspective 35
1.3 Forces, pressures and units 40
Chapter 2. THE DEFORMED STATE 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 The stored energy of cold work 43
2.3 Crystal plasticity 55
2.4 Cubic metals which deform by slip 57
2.5 Cubic metals which deform by slip and twinning 66
2.6 Close packed hexagonal (CPH) metals 70
2.7 Deformation bands 72
2.8 Shear bands 75
2.9 The microstructures of deformed two-phase alloys 79
Chapter 3. DEFORMATION TEXTURES 98
3.1 Introduction 98
3.2 Deformation textures in face-centred cubic (FCC) metals 99
3.3 Deformation textures in body-centred cubic (BCC) metals 105
3.4 Deformation textures in close packed hexagonal (CPH) metals 107
3.5 Fibre textures 109
3.6 Factors which influence texture development 110
3.7 Theories of deformation texture development 114
Chapter 4. THE STRUCTURE AND ENERGY OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES 122
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2 The orientation relationship between grains 123
4.3 Low angle grain boundaries 126
4.4 High angle grain boundaries 129
4.5 The topology of boundaries and grains 135
4.6 The interaction of second-phase particles with boundaries 140
Chapter 5. THE MOBILITY AND MIGRATION OF BOUNDARIES 152
5.1 Introduction 152
5.2 The mobility of low angle grain boundaries 155
5.3 Measurements of the mobility of high angle boundaries 165
5.4 Theories of the mobility of high angle boundaries 184
5.5 The migration of triple junctions 196
Chapter 6. RECOVERY AFTER DEFORMATION 200
6.1 Introduction 200
6.2 Experimental measurements of recovery 204
6.3 Dislocation migration and annihilation during recovery 209
6.4 Rearrangement of dislocations into stable arrays 216
6.5 Subgrain coarsening 219
6.6 The effect of second-phase particles on recovery 238
Chapter 7. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SINGLE-PHASE ALLOYS 246
7.1 Introduction 246
7.2 Factors affecting the rate of recrystallization 252
7.3 The formal kinetics of primary recrystallization 263
7.4 Recrystallization kinetics in real materials 270
7.5 The recrystallized microstructure 279
7.6 The nucleation of recrystallization 281
7.7 Annealing Twins 292
Chapter 8. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ORDERED MATERIALS 300
8.1 Introduction 300
8.2 Ordered structures 301
8.3 Recovery and recrystallization of ordered materials 305
8.4 Grain growth 311
8.5 Dynamic recrystallization 313
8.6 Summary 313
Chapter 9. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF TWO-PHASE ALLOYS 316
9.1 Introduction 316
9.2 The observed effects of particles on recrystallization 318
9.3 Particle stimulated nucleation of recrystallization 324
9.4 Particle pinning during recrystallization (Zener drag) 335
9.5 Bimodal particle distributions 337
9.6 The control of grain size by particles 338
9.7 Particulate metal-matrix composites 340
9.8 The interaction of precipitation and recrystallization 341
9.9 The recrystallization of duplex alloys 347
Chapter 10. THE GROWTH AND STABILITY OF CELLULAR MICROSTRUCTURES 352
10.1 Introduction 352
10.2 The model 353
10.3 Stability of single-phase microstructure 357
10.4 Stability of two-phase microstructures 360
10.5 Summary 362
Chapter 11. GRAIN GROWTH FOLLOWING RECRYSTALLIZATION 364
11.1 Introduction 364
11.2 The development of theories and models of grain growth 372
11.3 Grain orientation and texture effects during grain growth 382
11.4 The effect of second-phase particles on grain growth 387
11.5 Abnormal grain growth 399
Chapter 12 RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES 410
12.1 Introduction 410
12.2 The nature of recrystallization textures 411
12.3 The theory of recrystallization textures 424
12.4 The evolution of textures during annealing 434
Chapter 13. HOT DEFORMATION AND DYNAMIC RESTORATION 446
13.1 Introduction 446
13.2 Dynamic recovery 447
13.3 Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization 458
13.4 Continuous dynamic recrystallization 468
13.5 Dynamic recrystallization in minerals 472
13.6 Annealing after hot deformation 475
Chapter 14. CONTINUOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION DURING AND AFTER LARGE STRAIN DEFORMATION 482
14.1 Introduction 482
14.2 Microstructural stability after large strains 483
14.3 Deformation at ambient temperatures 484
14.4 Deformation at elevated temperatures 492
14.5 The stability of micron-grained microstructures against grain growth 496
Chapter 15. CONTROL OF RECRYSTALLIZATION 500
15.1 Introduction 500
15.2 Processing of some industrial aluminium alloys 500
15.3 Texture control in cold rolled and annealed sheet steel 509
15.4 Recent developments in grain oriented, silicon steel sheets 519
15.5 Commercial superplastic aluminium alloys 526
15.6 Sub-micron-grained alloys 530
Chapter 16. COMPUTER MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF ANNEALING 538
16.1 Introduction 538
16.2 Micro models 540
16.3 Coupled models 555
Appendix 1. TEXTURE 558
A1.1 Representation of texture 558
A1.2 Measurement of macrotexture 564
A1.3 Measurement of microtexture 566
Appendix 2. THE MEASUREMENT OF RECRYSTALLIZATION 572
A2.1 Techniques for measuring recrystallization 572
A2.2 Driving pressure for recrystallization 575
A2.3 Fraction recrystallized 576
A2.4 Nucleation and growth rates 577
A2.5 Grain and subgrain size 578
A2.6 Grain boundary character distribution 581
A2.7 Grain boundary properties 583
A2.8 Parameters of two-phase alloys 586
REFERENCES 588
SUBJECT INDEX 648