Space Remote Sensing of Subtropical Oceans (SRSSO) (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Integration of Science and Technology with Development: Caribbean and Latin American Problems in the Context of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 10
Part 1: Problems Involved in Building Science and Technology Capability 14
Chapter 1. Building Scientific and Technological Capabilities in LDCs—A Survey of Some Economic Development Issues 16
THE BASIS OF S& T CAPABILITY
INFRASTRUCTURE 19
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT 21
IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY 23
A SYNTHESIS 26
NOTES 28
REFERENCES 29
Chaptre 2. Building National Scientific and Technological Research Capability in the Context of Underdevelopment 30
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT: THE LACK OF A CULTURE SUPPORTIVE OF SCIENCE 31
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUCCESSFUL GROWTH OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY 33
MEETING THE ISSUES 39
NOTES 42
Chapter 3. Science, Technology, and Education—The Problem of Human Resources 44
GENERAL BACKGROUND 44
THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIST 46
THE PROBLEM OF RETAINING MANPOWER 50
CONCLUSION 51
NOTES 52
Part Il: Infrastructure and Technology Transfer 54
Chapter 4. Preinvestment Work and Engineering as Links Between Supply and Demand of Knowledge 56
WHY PREINVESTMENT SERVICES DESERVE SPECIAL ATTENTION IN LDCs 58
PREINVESTMENT WORK AND THE UNPACKAGING OF THE TECHNOLOGY 60
MOTIVATIONS AND OBSTACLES IN UNPACKAGING 62
UNPACKAGING AND THE LOCAL PROVISION OF CAPITAL GOODS 64
PROCUREMENT OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 65
CONCLUSIONS 66
NOTES 69
Chapter 5. Multinational Corporations and the Transfer of Technology 70
NOTES 79
Chapter 6. Do Multinational Corporations Really Transfer Technology? 82
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS TRANSFER: AN OVERVIEW 83
THE MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 85
THE MNC AND THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO LDCs: AN ASSESSMENT 86
CONCLUSION 90
NOTES 90
Part Ill: Technological Problemsin the Caribbean 92
Chapter 7. Intermediate Technology and the Modernization of Anglophone Caribbean States 94
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY: ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR SMALL,UNDERDEVELOPED DEPENDENT SOCIETIES 97
NOTES 110
Chapter 8. Commercialization of Technology and Dependent Underdevelopment—Some Current Issues and Future Policies 111
SECTION 1: ANALYTICAL STAGES IN THE APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 112
SECTION 2: HOMOGENEITY OF SUPPLIERS 115
SECTION 3: NON-HOMOGENEITY OF RECIPIENTS 118
SECTION 4: INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL ACTION 122
SECTION 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 126
NOTES 128
Chapter 9. Caribbean Petrochemical Technology: Theory, Policy and A Case Study 133
THE METROPOLITAN TRANSFER LITERATURE AND THE CARIBBEAN DATA 135
A CASE STUDY: THE TRINIDAD AMMONIA OPERATIONS 140
NOTES 148
Part IV. Science and Technology Policiesin Latin America 150
Chapter 10. Organization of Scientific and Technological Development in Latin America 152
THE INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION 152
THE CONCEPTUAL CHANGES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 155
ORGANIZATIONAL WAYS AND PREREQUISITES 157
Chapter 11. National Science and Technology Councils in Latin America: Achievement and Failures of the First Ten Years 162
THE ACADEMIC BACKGROUND 162
THE CONACYTS 167
THE CONCRETE EXPERIENCES 169
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 176
NOTES 177
Chapter 12. Science and Technology Planning in LDCs 180
Chapter 13. Science and Technology Policies in Latin America—Against a Holistic Approach 191
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: SOME MEANINGFUL DISTINCTIONS 193
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS 194
CONCLUDING REMARKS 196
NOTES 197
Chapter 14. Science and Technology Planning on a Regional Basis—The Central American Case 199
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 199
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CENTRAL AMERICA 202
PERSPECTIVES OF A REGIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 207
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS 208
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 211
CONCLUSION 213
NOTES 214
Chapter 15. Science and Technology Planning Problems in Small Caribbean Countries 215
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE POLICIES 217
REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENCE POLICIES 218
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN S& T PLANNING
NOTES 231
Chapter 16. Science and Technology Planning Problems in a Large Circum-Caribbean Country (Mexico) 233
PRESENT STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MEXICO 235
THE MEXICAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PLAN 236
PERMANENT PLANNING PROCESS 239
PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EXPENDITURE 241
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 241
LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PLANNING 242
THE DEMISE OF THE PLAN 243
LESSONS FOR UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES 243
Part V: The U.N. Conference on Science and Technology for Development 246
Chapter 17. Will the UNCSTD Break Through the Action Barrier? 248
Chapter 18. Predictable Failures of the UNCSTD 251
Chapter 19. Uncertain Prospects for the UNCSTD Three Major Underlying Issues 258
THE PRESENT STATE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY 259
UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR UNCSTD SECRETARIAT 263
SUMMARY 264
NOTES 265
Chapter 20. Summary Vaughan A. Lewis D. Babatunde Thomas 266
INTRODUCTION 272
Index 284
About the Editors and Contributors 290
Pergamon Policy Studies 292