Frontiers in Magnetospheric Plasma Physics (eBook)

Cover 1
Preface 5
Contents 7
Ten Years of GEOTAIL and its Current Status:A Brief Summary 11
Abstract 11
GEOTAIL Mission 11
Brief Summary of Results from GEOTAIL 13
Current Status 14
Acknowledgments 15
References 15
SECTION 1Magnetospheric Dynamics 17
Cluster:New View on the Boundaries of the Magnetosphere 19
Abstract 19
Introduction 19
Mission 20
Instrumentation 21
Cluster Results 22
The Bow Shock 22
The Magnetopause 23
The Plasmasphere 23
Solar Storm on November 2000 25
Cluster Science Data System 27
Conclusion 27
Acknowledgments 28
References 28
The Structure of the Plasma Sheet under Northward IMF 29
Abstract 29
Introduction 29
The Properties of Cold-dense Plasma Sheet 30
Hot-dense Ions in the Dawnside Inner-magnetosphere 33
"Snapshots" Taken under Steady Northward IMF 34
Discussion 36
Acknowledgments 36
References 36
GEOTAIL Observations of the Cold Plasma Sheet on the Duskside Magnetotail 38
Abstract 38
Introduction 38
Instrumentation 38
Observation 39
Discussion 42
Acknowledgements 43
References 43
The Dawn-Dusk Asymmetry in Magnetosheath and the Leakage of Energetic Electrons:The GEOTAIL Observation 44
Abstract 44
Introduction 44
Data Analysis 45
Data Set 45
The Dawn-Dusk Magnetosheath Asymmetry 45
Dawn Side Observations on November 29, 1995 46
Discussion and Conclusions 46
Acknowledgements 47
References 47
Electron Inertia Effects in an MHD-Scale Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortex 48
Abstract 48
Introduction 48
Simulation Model 48
Results 49
Summary and Discussion 51
Acknowledgements 52
References 52
On Ion Properties within the Subsolar Magnetopause Current Layer under the Northward and Southward 53
Abstract 53
Introduction 53
Observations 53
MPCL Crossing under the Northward IMF on November 10, 1995: Case 1 54
MPCL Crossing under the Southward IMF on January 3, 1996: Case 2 55
Summary and Discussion 56
Acknowledgments 56
References 56
Influence of Solar Wind on Source of Ring Current Plasma 58
Abstract 58
Introduction 58
Data Set 58
Derivation of Plasma Parameter 59
Analysis 60
Relation Between Plasma Number Density and Solar Wind Parameters 60
Relation Between Plasma Temperature and Solar Wind Parameters 61
Relation Between Spectral Index and Solar Wind Parameters 61
Discussion 62
Number Density in Plasma Sheet 62
Temperature in Plasma Sheet 62
Spectral Index in Plasma Sheet 62
Responding Time Scale of Plasma Sheet 62
Acknowledgments 63
References 63
Relationship between Plasma and Magnetic Field Parameters in the Distant Plasma Sheet 64
Abstract 64
Introduction 64
Averaged Characteristics of Plasma and Magnetic Field 65
Relationship between Magnetic and Plasma Parameters in Particular Events 69
Plasma Sheet and Turbulence 72
Discussion and Conclusion 72
Acknowledgments 72
References 72
Compressional Variations Propagating in the Distant Tail Observed by Geotail on October 2, 1994 74
Abstract 74
Introduction 74
Data from IMP 8 and GEOTAIL 75
Analysis of the Magnetic Field and Velocity Variations 76
Discussion on the Source of the Variations 79
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
Dayside Outer Magnetosphere ULF Waves Observed by GEOTAIL 81
Abstract 81
Introduction 81
Data and Analysis Procedure 81
Pc 3 and Pc 5 ULF Waves Observed in the Outer Magnetosphere 82
Double Frequency Oscillations of Low Energy Plasmas 82
Poynting Flux of Pc 5 83
Pc3 ULF Waves 83
Dynamic Spectral Characteristics of Pc 3 Oscillations 83
Poynting Flux of Pc 3 83
Discussion and Conclusions 83
Acknowledgements 84
References 84
Application of Spacecraft Potential to Investigate the Distribution of Low-energy Plasma in Magnetosphere 85
Abstract 85
Introduction 85
GEOTAIL Spacecraft Potential 85
Investigation of Low-energy Plasma using Spacecraft Potential 86
Conclusions 88
References 88
GEOTAIL Study of Comparison between the Double-probe Electric Fields and the Convection Electric Fields in the Distant Tail 89
Abstract 89
Introduction 89
Data Set 89
Raw Data of Double-probe Electric Fields in the Distant Tail 90
Analysis Method 91
Results 91
Summary 94
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
SECTION 2 Current Sheet and Magnetic Reconnection 95
Magnetic Reconnection in the Magnetotail:Review of the Japanese Contribution with the Spacecraft GEOTAIL 97
Abstract 97
Signatures of Magnetic Reconnection 97
GEOTAIL Observations and Simulations 97
In Situ Observations of Magnetic Reconnection 98
Counterstreaming Ions as Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection 101
Relationship of Magnetic Reconnection to Substorms 101
Conclusions 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
Bifurcated Thin Current Sheets in the Earth's Magnetosphere: Comparison of Model and "In Situ" Onservations 110
Abstract 110
Introduction 110
Proposed Scenario 111
Basics of the Model 112
Numerical Results 113
Discussion 115
Acknowledgments 116
References 116
Stratified Current Sheet during Plasma Sheet Thinning 118
Abstract 118
Introduction 118
Evolution of Current Sheet:Simulation Study 119
Conclusions 122
References 122
Kinetic Instabilities in a Thin Current Sheet 123
Abstract 123
Introduction 123
Current Disruption Observations 124
A Possible Onset Scenario and Theoretical Analysis of Instabilities 127
Two Dimensional Particle Simulation 128
Discussion and Conclusions 130
Acknowledgments 131
References 131
Formation of Thin Electron Current Layer Associated with Lower Hybrid Drift Instability and its Relation to Quick Reconnection Triggering 133
Abstract 133
Introduction 133
Simulations 134
Discussion 136
Conclusion 138
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
Effects of Guide Field in Three-Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection 140
Abstract 140
Introduction 140
Model 140
Simulation Results 141
FTE Signatures 142
Summary 143
References 144
Computer Simulations on the Spontaneous Fast Reconnection Evolution in Three Dimensions 145
Abstract 145
Introduction 145
Simulation Modeling 146
Results 147
References 148
Supersonic and Subsonic Expansion Acceleration Mechanisms in Fast Magnetic Reconnection 149
Abstract 149
Introduction 149
Rankine Hugoniot Analysis of the Shock Acceleration 150
The Difference between Supersonic and Subsonic Expansion Accelerations 151
References 152
Instability at the Leading Edge of a Reconnection Jet 153
Abstract 153
Introduction 153
Simulation Model 153
Simulation Results 154
Discussion 155
Acknowledgments 156
References 156
Solar Flares and Magnetic Reconnection 157
Abstract 157
Introduction - The Magnetic Reconnection Model of Flares 157
Observation of Reconnection Inflows in a Solar Flare 158
MHD Simulations of a Solar Flare 160
Scaling Law of the Flare Temperature 161
Rapid Propagation of Non-thermal Sources 163
Summary and Discussions 165
References 165
SECTION 3 Magnetospheric Substorms 169
Types of Auroral-zone Disturbances:Current Status on Identification and Understanding 171
Abstract 171
Introduction 171
Substorms 171
Convection Driven Disturbances 175
Dynamic Pressure Disturbances 176
Poleward Boundary Intensifications 178
Concluding Statement 180
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
GEOTAIL-Polar Observation of Substorm-Time Field Increase in the Tail and the POLAR Magnetosphere 182
Abstract 182
Introduction 182
Observations 183
Discussion and Summary 185
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
Plasma Sheet Expansion Observed by Cluster and GEOTAIL 187
Abstract 187
Introduction 187
Overview of the Event 188
Lobe Convection and Reconfiguration of the Tail 191
Plasma Sheet Encounter 192
Summary 194
Acknowledgements 194
References 195
Difference between Earthward and Tailward Flows in thier Dependences on Geomagnetic and IMF Conditions 196
Abstract 196
Introduction 196
Identification of IMF and Geomagnetic Conditions 196
Identification of the Plasma Sheet 197
Statistical Results 197
Discussion 198
Summary 199
Acknowledgements 199
References 199
The Loding-Unloading Process in the Magnetotail during a Prolonged Steady Southward IMF Bz Period 200
Abstract 200
Introduction 200
Observations 200
Discussion 203
Acknowledgments 203
References 203
Magnetotail Deflation:GEOTAIL Observations 204
Abstract 204
Introduction 204
Observations 204
Discussions 206
Acknowledgments 207
References 207
Comparision of Energetic Ion Composition between Ring Current and Plasma Sheet 208
Abstract 208
Introduction 208
GEOTAIL/EPIC/STICS Instrument 209
Observation 209
Discussion 210
Plasma Sheet Ion Composition 210
Comparison of Ion Composition Between Ring Current and Plasma Sheet 210
Acknowledgments 211
References 211
SECTION 4 Microscopic Processes in Space Plasmas 213
GEOTAIL, POLAR, and Wind Observations of Auroral Kilometric Radiation 215
Abstract 215
Introduction 215
Observations 217
Quasi-periodic Intensifications 217
Multi-Spacecraft Observations 220
Discussion and Summary 225
Acknowledgments 226
References 227
Occultations of Auroral Kilometric Radiation in the Vicinity of the Earth 230
Abstract 230
Introduction 230
Overview of Dynamic Spectra Obtained by GEOTAIL ANS POLAR 230
AKR Occultation on the POLAR Orbit 231
Conclusions and Discussion 231
References 233
Lobe Trapped Continuum Radiation Generated in the Distant Magnetotail 234
Abstract 234
Introduction 234
GEOTAIL Observation of LTCR 234
Direction Finding and 3-D Ray Tracing Analysis 235
Distribution of Source Region for LTCR 236
Conclusion 237
Acknowledgements 237
References 237
Whistler Mode Chorus Observed around the Plasmapause during Magnetic Stroms 238
Abstract 238
Introduction 238
Global Distribution of Chorus during Magnetic Storms 239
Direction Finding 240
Estimation of Wave Energy 241
Summary 242
Acknowledgments 243
References 243
Magnetospheric Active Wave Measurements 245
Abstract 245
Introduction 245
Image Active Wave Measurements 247
RPI Remote Measurement Technique 247
Inversion of Plasmagrams to Plasma Density Profiles 248
2-D Plasmaspheric Density Distributions 250
Polar Region Density Distributions 250
Local Resonance Frequencies 252
Direct Echoes From Plasma Boundaries 252
Magnetospheric Tomography 253
Phase and Faraday Rotation Measurements 253
Tomographic Inversion 253
Summary and Comments 254
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
2fp Radio Source GEOTAIL Observations and Numerical Simulations ~Microscopic View~ 257
Abstract 257
Introduction:Macroscopic View 2fp Radiosource 257
Generationmechanism 257
Electron Acceleration 258
Acknowledgments 260
References 260
Weak Langmuir Turbulence 261
Abstract 261
Introduction 261
A Brief History of Langmuir Turbulence 261
Harmonic Langmuir Modes 263
Nonlinear Dispersion Relation for Harmonic Langmuir Modes 263
Wave Kinetic Equation and Saturated Wave Spectrum 265
Generation of Superthermal Electrons 267
Conclusions and Discussion 268
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
New Non-stochastic Acceleration in Multi-Component Plasmas 271
Abstract 271
Introduction 271
In One EMIC Wave 271
In Two EMIC Waves 272
Discussion 273
References 274
SECTION 5 Shocks and Interplanetary Phenomena 275
GEOTAIL Observations of Solar Wind and Interplanetary Phenomena 277
Abstract 277
Introduction 277
Bow Shock and Foreshock Phenomena 278
Origin of Diffuse Ions 278
Nonlinear Effect 279
Predawn Foreshock Region 281
Interplanetary Phenomena 282
Diffusive Acceleration of Electrons at Interplanetary CME Shocks 282
'Cosmic-ray-mediated' Interplanetary Shock 284
Local Interstellar Medium 285
Solar Flare Effects 287
Summary and Comment 288
Acknowledgements 288
References 289
Whistler Waves in Upstream Region of Interplanetary Shocks 291
Abstract 291
Introduction 291
Instrumentation 291
Direct Observations of Wave Power Spectra 292
21 February 1994 Event 292
15 July 2000 Event 292
Estimation of Power Spectra from Electron Observation 292
Discussion 294
References 294
Wave-Particle Interaction in the Bastille Shock of Year 2000 295
Abstract 295
Introduction 295
Observation 295
Wave Particle Interaction 296
Summary 298
References 298
Particle-field Dynamics in the Shock Transition Region 299
Abstract 299
Introduction 299
Time Variation of Shocked Fields 299
Particle-field Dynamics in the Shock Transition Region (STR) 300
Steady Shock Front Case 300
Unsteady Shock Front Case 300
Summary and Discussion 301
References 302
Electrostatic Quasi-Monochromatic Waves Downstream of the Bow Shock:GEOTAIL Observations 303
Abstract 303
Introduction 303
Observations 303
Discussion 304
Acknowledgment 306
References 306
Geomagnetic Activity Dependence of Occurrence Probability and Spatial Distribution of Upstream Events 307
Abstract 307
Introduction 307
Data Set 308
Observations 308
Statistical Analysis 308
Discussion 309
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
Enhancement of Sunward Double-probe Electric Fields Observed by GEOTAIL during the Solar Flare 311
Abstract 311
Introduction 311
Event Study 312
Statistical Study 313
Discussions 313
References 315
Quest for Waves Excited by Interstellar Helium Pickup Ions 316
Abstract 316
Introduction 316
Data Set 317
The Magnetic Field Spectrum 317
Concluding Remarks 318
Acknowledgements 319
References 319
Auther Index 321