Advances in Parasitology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Parasitology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1: The Biology of the Caecal Trematode Zygocotyle lunata 12
1.1. Introduction to the Family Zygocotylidae and the Genus Zygocotyle 13
1.2. Brief Taxonomic Survey of Zygocotylidae and Zygocotyle 14
1.3. The Biology of Zygocotyle lunata 17
1.4. Infectivity Studies in Snail First Intermediate Hosts 19
1.5. Cercarial Encystment on Various Surfaces 24
1.6. Infectivity of the Metacercarial Cysts to Vertebrate Hosts 25
1.7. Epizootiology of Zygocotyle lunata 25
1.8. Pathology of Zygocotyle lunata 27
1.8.1. Invertebrate hosts 27
1.8.2. Vertebrate hosts 28
1.9. Immunology of Zygocotyle lunata in the Vertebrate Host 30
1.10. Diagnosis 32
1.11. Treatment and Control 33
1.12. Encystment and Excystment 33
1.13. Ultra-Structure 41
1.14. Development on the Chick Chorioallantois 42
1.15. Behaviour 43
1.16. Biochemistry 43
1.17. Ecology 45
1.18. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 47
References 47
Chapter 2: Fasciola, Lymnaeids and Human Fascioliasis, with a Global Overview on Disease Transmission, Epidemiology, Evolutionary Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology and Control 52
2.1. Introduction 55
2.2. The Present Epidemiological Baseline 56
2.3. The Problem of Being a Neglected Disease 58
2.4. Heterogeneity of Human Fascioliasis 59
2.4.1. Epidemiological scenarios 59
2.4.2. Transmission patterns 61
2.5. Control Problems Related to Human Fascioliasis Heterogeneity 62
2.6. Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology 64
2.6.1. The digenean family Fasciolidae 64
2.7. Origin and Evolution of Fasciola Species in Pre-Domestication Times 67
2.8. Evolution of Fasciola Species in the Post-Domestication Period 78
2.8.1. Recent spread of Fasciola hepatica 79
2.8.2. Initial step in the Near East 79
2.8.3. Westwards spread into Europe 80
2.8.4. Eastwards spread into Asia 82
2.8.5. Southwards spread into Africa 84
2.8.6. Transoceanic spread into Oceania and the Americas 88
2.8.7. Recent spread of Fasciola gigantica 91
2.8.8. Westwards and southwards spread throughout Africa 91
2.8.9. Northwards spread and transit between Africa and the Near East 93
2.8.10. Eastwards spread into Asia and the Pacific 94
2.9. Distributional Overlap of Both Species 95
2.10. Overlap Situations: The Roles of Livestock Transportation, Transhumance and Trade 96
2.10.1. Areas with only one Fasciola species 98
2.10.2. Areas where both Fasciola species co-exist 101
2.11. Molecular Characterization of Fasciolids 103
2.11.1. Intraspecific and interspecific variation of F. hepatica and F. gigantica 107
2.11.2. Gene expression and the problems of hybrids 119
2.11.3. Liver fluke phenotypes 122
2.11.4. The species question in fasciolids 129
2.11.5. Fasciolid-lymnaeid specificity 131
2.11.6. The worldwide lymnaeid molecular characterization initiative 134
2.12. Conclusions and Standardization Proposal 137
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
Chapter 3: Recent Advances in the Biology of Echinostomes 158
3.1. Introduction 159
3.2. General Information on Echinostomes 160
3.2.1. Lifecycle and development 160
3.2.2. Current taxonomy 173
3.3. Host-Parasite Relationships 179
3.3.1. In the first intermediate host 179
3.3.2. In the second intermediate host 184
3.3.3. In the definitive host 189
Acknowledgments 203
References 203
Chapter 4: Peptidases of Trematodes 216
4.1. Introduction 217
4.2. General Classification of Peptidases 219
4.3. Peptidases of Trematodes-Brief History of Research 219
4.4. Peptidases of Trematodes-Current Status 226
4.4.1. Serine peptidases (SPs) of trematodes 226
4.4.2. Cysteine peptidases (CPs) of trematodes 239
4.4.3. Aspartic peptidases (APs) of trematodes 272
4.4.4. Metallopeptidases (MPs) of trematodes 278
4.4.5. Threonine peptidases (TPs) of trematodes 284
4.4.6. Phylogeny remarks 288
4.5. Conclusion 288
Acknowledgements 289
References 290
Useful Websites 307
Chapter 5: Potential Contribution of Sero-Epidemiological Analysis for Monitoring Malaria Control and Elimination: Historical and Current Perspectives 310
5.1. Introduction 311
5.2. Humoural Immunity to Malaria from a Sero-Epidemiological Point of View 312
5.3. Measuring Anti-Malarial Antibodies 313
5.3.1. Complement fixation test (CFT) 314
5.3.2. Indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) 314
5.3.3. Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) 314
5.3.4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 320
5.3.5. Protein micro-array 320
5.3.6. Source of antigen for assays 321
5.3.7. General methodological considerations 323
5.4. Application of Serological Data 324
5.4.1. Using serological data to assess malaria endemicity and risk 325
5.4.2. Serological data to monitor malaria control and elimination 344
5.4.3. Serological data to assess malaria eradication/elimination 349
5.5. Summary and Future Directions 354
Acknowledgements 356
References 356
Index 364
Contents of Volumes 376
Color Plate 384