Emerging Space Powers (eBook)
732 Seiten
Praxis (Verlag)
978-1-4419-0874-2 (ISBN)
This work introduces the important emerging space powers of the world.
Brian Harvey describes the origins of the Japanese space program, from rocket designs based on WW II German U-boats to tiny solid fuel 'pencil' rockets, which led to the launch of the first Japanese satellite in 1970. The next two chapters relate how Japan expanded its space program, developing small satellites into astronomical observatories and sending missions to the Moon, Mars, comet Halley, and asteroids.
Chapter 4 describes how India's Vikram Sarabhai developed a sounding rocket program in the 1960s. The following chapter describes the expansion of the Indian space program. Chapter 6 relates how the Indian space program is looking ahead to the success of the moon probe Chandrayan, due to launch in 2008, and its first manned launching in 2014. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 demonstrate how, in Iran, communications and remote sensing drive space technology.
Chapter 10 outlines Brazil's road to space, begun in the mid-1960's with the launch of the Sonda sounding rockets. The following two chapters describe Brazil's satellites and space launch systems and plans for the future. Chapters 13 and 14 study Israel's space industry. The next chapters look at the burgeoning space programs of North and South Korea.
The book ends by contrasting and comparing all the space programs and speculating how they may evolve in the future. An appendix lists all launches and launch attempts to date of the emerging space powers.
This work introduces the important emerging space powers of the world. Many of their space programs are little known, but they all play vital roles. Some have quite ambitious goals and are even challenging the leaders in the space community.Brian Harvey describes the origins of the Japanese space program, from rocket designs based on WW II German U-boats to tiny solid fuel 'pencil' rockets, which led to the launch of the first Japanese satellite in 1970. The next two chapters relate how Japan expanded its space program, developing small satellites into astronomical observatories and sending missions to the Moon, Mars, comet Halley, and asteroids. Japanese astronauts flew on the space shuttle and military satellites now spy on North Korea.Chapter 4 describes how India's Vikram Sarabhai developed a sounding rocket program in the 1960s. Modeling their own rocket on the American Scout launcher, India eventually put a satellite into orbit in 1980. The following chapter describes the expansion of the Indian space program. Chapter 6 relates how the Indian space program is looking ahead to the success of the moon probe Chandrayan, due to launch in 2008, and its first manned launching in 2014. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 demonstrate how, in Iran, communications and remote sensing drive space technology. The new Islamic Republic abandoned most of the Shah's space and nuclear plans. Iranian work on satellites and rocketry was started in the mid-1990's. Indigenous technology combined with foreign help should eventually lead to a thriving, independent Iranian space program.Chapter 10 outlines Brazil's road to space, begun in the mid-1960's with the launch of the Sonda sounding rockets. The following two chapters describe Brazil's satellites and space launch systems and plans for the future. Chapters 13 and 14 study Israel's space industry. Israel is developing spacecraft (with some European cooperation) and launchers (with South Africa and USA). In 1988, Israel became the ninth country in the world to successfully launch a satellite (Ofeq-1) with its own vehicle (Shavit). The next chapters look at the burgeoning space programs of North and South Korea. South Korea aims to become a major international player in both space systems and in manned ventures. Launch vehicles are being developed with Russian help while European partners are aiding with the production of advanced remote sensing satellites.The book ends by contrasting and comparing all the space programs and speculating how they may evolve in the future. An appendix lists all launches and launch attempts to date of the emerging space powers.
Title Page 2
Copyright Page
3
Table of Contents
4
Authors' introduction 10
Acknowledgments 12
Note on terminology 15
Illustrations
16
Tables
26
1 Japan: Origins - the legacy of Hideo Itokawa 27
Japan's rocket plane 28
Introducing Hideo Itokawa 28
Aeronautical engineer 29
First rockets 33
Sounding rockets 35
Uchinoura launch site 37
Reaching Earth orbit 40
Introducing the Mu-4S 42
Itokawa postscript 44
Discovering a new radiation belt 44
New versions: the Mu-3C, H 45
Formation of NASDA 47
NASDA's rocket, the N-I and its first missions 50
Communications satellites: YURI, SAKURA, JCSat, Nstar, Superbird 52
Introducing the N-II 54
Watching Earth's weather 55
H-rocket: introducing liquid hydrogen 57
Sounding rockets 59
The early Japanese space program 60
2 Japan: Into the solar system 62
New Mu-5 versions: the Mu-3H and Mu-3S 62
Probes to comet Halley 63
Mu-3SII scientific missions 65
Solar studies: Yohkoh and Hinode 67
Third to reach the Moon: Muses A 70
Express: from Pacific seacoast to the jungles of Africa 72
Muses B: introducing the new Mu-5 launcher 75
Nozomi to Mars 79
Rendezvous with an asteroid: Hayabusa 82
Back to the Moon: Kaguya 87
H-II rocket: "most advanced of its kind" 93
Shooting star 95
H-II brings in era of ill-luck and uncertainty 97
Augmented: H-IIA 99
H-IIA loss: back to the drawing board 103
Earth and marine observations: Momo 105
JERS Fuyo: introduction of space-borne radar 107
ADEOS/Midori: atmosphere observer. 108
ALOS: day and night, cloud-free 111
Tropical rainfall 113
Engineering satellites 115
ETS VIII: a giant, hovering insect 116
Winged bird: COMETS/Kakeh ashi 117
Beams across space: Kirari and Kizuna 119
Spy satellites: threat across the Sea of Japan 121
Conclusions: science and applications 124
3 Japan: Kiho and the Space Station 125
Japan's first astronaut 125
Instead, a mission to Mir 127
Fuwatto's success 130
International Microgravity Laboratory 1, 2: newts, fish, cells 132
Space Flier Unit 133
Preparing for the International Space Station 135
Japan and the International Space Station 136
The elements 139
Supplying Kibo 140
Keeping in contact: data relays 141
Astronauts for Kibo 142
Arriving at the Space Station 144
Japanese spaceplanes: origin 147
Development and tests 148
Reviewed and revised 152
How the Japanese space program is organized 154
Main facilities 155
Tanegashima range: launch site by the ocean 156
Uchinoura launch center 157
Tsukuba and Sagamihara space centers 159
Tracking facilities 161
Rocket test centers 162
Key companies 162
Japanese space budget and ambitions 163
Conclusions 164
4 India: The vision of Vikram Sarabhai 165
Father of Indian astronautics, Dr Vikram Sarabhai 166
Sputnik and the IGY 167
First rocket launch, 1963 169
Space program for education 172
Space program for remote sensing: the "high road" 175
Sudden end 177
ATS: village television 179
The idea of an Indian Earth satellite 182
Preparations for first satellite, Aryabhata 183
Bhaskhara 185
An indigenous Indian rocket 188
Planning the first home-launched satellite 190
First launches: India - a spacefaring nation 191
Conclusions 195
5 India: Space technology and the villages 197
Introducing IRS 197
Second-generation IRS 199
Indian remote sensing: a balance sheet 202
INSAT: India's communications and weather system 207
INSAT precursor: APPLE 209
First INSAT 1: a system established 212
INSAT 2: made at home 214
Reaching the villages 218
Promise of INSAT 3
219
New launchers: ASLV 222
PSLV: into the big launcher league 226
Launching the PSLV 229
Introducing IRS-Polar 229
IRS-1D in trouble - but saved 231
Expanding the Earth observation program 232
Conclusion: the program matures 237
6 India: Manned and lunar flight 238
Chandrayan: to the Moon 238
Gramsat to the villages: the GSLV 242
GSLV flies 248
India's own upper stage 252
First Indian in space 255
Shuttle astronauts who never flew: Bhat and Radhakrishnan 258
Shuttle astronauts who flew: Chawla and Williams 259
Indian manned flight 261
Organization 263
Sandbar launch site: Sriharikota 268
Spreading the benefits to industry 272
India's space budget 275
Conclusions: India 276
7 Iran: Origins - the road to space 277
International context 277
Space applications as drivers: communications 278
Observation of the Earth 280
Space applications organized 286
Aerospace Research Institute (ARI) 290
Education as a foundation for mastering space 292
International experience to support national policy 293
Plans leading to hardware 296
Space infrastructure 299
References 305
8 Iran: Development - space launch systems and satellites 307
Launch systems 307
Satellites 318
Sina-1 320
Small Multi-Mission Satellite (SMMS) 320
Mesbah 322
Zohreh 324
Omid 325
Iran: plans - the ultimate goal 327
Besharat 327
Other satellites in the making 328
Manned space 328
A more powerful space launch vehicle 329
Planning space goals 330
References 331
9 Brazil: Origins - the road to space 333
The Brazilian Complete Space Mission - MECB 337
The National Program of Space Activities 338
Space science and technology 341
Earth observation 342
Meteorology 344
Telecommunications 345
Sounding rockets and space launch vehicles 346
Infrastructure and ground support 348
References 356
10 Brazil: Development - space launch systems, space probes, and satellites 357
SONDA family of sounding rockets 357
VS family of sub-orbital rockets 362
Veiculo Lancador de Satelites (VLS) 368
Cruzeiro do SuI 371
Space probes and satellites 373
Multi Mission Platform (PMM) 374
Science 374
Communications 381
Earth observation 385
References 390
11 Brazil: Plans - the ultimate goal 393
Space access 395
Application satellites 398
Multi Mission Platform (PMM) satellite programs 401
References 405
12 Israel: Small but efficient actor in space 406
Israel, a small but an efficient actor in space 406
Let's go into space for intelligence and security! 408
Professor Yuval Ne'eman, pioneering "father" of the ISA 409
Compact Ofeq satellites and small Shavit launchers as defense systems 410
Towards miniaturized spacecraft for high-resolution imaging 414
A space industry specialized in low-cost, low-mass spacecraft 419
Strategic partnership with Department of Space and Antrix in India 422
Technion in space with "made by students" TechSat 425
Development of student nano-satellites for an international constellation 426
Scientific cooperation with India (ISRO) and France (CNES) 427
Global commercial ventures (1): AMOS by Spacecom 429
Global commercial ventures (2): Imagesat International 439
The tragic fate of the first Israeli astronaut, Colonel Ramon 444
Space program at the top of the technology 448
Military superiority and security as priorities for space missions 451
Towards an Israeli-American constellation of SAR satellites? 452
Cooperation of Israel with space programs of the European Union 454
References 455
Annexe 1: main players in Israel's space program 457
Annexe 2: israeli space launchers 458
References
459
13 North Korea: The most secret country in space 460
North Korea (DPRK), the most secret country in space: space bluff or military challenge? 460
The origins of a hidden space program 468
Analysis of the launcher and its maiden flight 470
Modest, isolated Musudan-ri launch complex 475
Missile flight test moratorium 2000-2005 479
"Unsuccessful" first flight of Taepodong-2 in July 2006 482
Further engine tests and new launch complex 486
DPRK progress to improve (space) launch capability 490
The art of launching "ghost satellites" 502
References 503
Annexe: north Korean launch vehicles 505
References
506
14 South Korea: New entrant for space systems 507
South Korea: recent entrant for new space systems and micro-electronics leadership 507
First step (1989-1999): the KITsat/Uribyol microsatellites 511
Second step (1999-2009): applications satellites and access to space 520
Space systems for a key program of Earth observations 523
National launch capabilities with sounding rockets 529
Mugunghwa: commercial satellites for telecommunications and broadcasts 533
Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and COMS-1 services 536
Satellite launches with the Russo-Korean KSLV program 537
The Naro Space Center: from hilly island to space 547
The STsat-2 (Science & Technology satellite-2) series of microsatellites
Manned spaceflight in 2008: odyssey of a young lady to the ISS 552
The future (2009-2019): satellite launches and space exploration 557
References 560
Annexe 561
Reference
562
15 Contrasts and comparisons 563
Development and fields of work compared 565
Annexes 567
Annexes 1: List of launches
568
Annexe 2: Space institutes in I
591
Annexe 3: Space institutes in Brazil 612
Annexe 4: Space institutes in North Korea 623
Annexe 5: United Nations treaties related to outer space 624
Bibliography 628
Index 632
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.1.2011 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Space Exploration |
| Space Exploration | |
| Springer Praxis Books | Springer Praxis Books |
| Zusatzinfo | 732 p. 100 illus. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Weltraum / Astronomie |
| Geisteswissenschaften ► Geschichte | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik | |
| Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau | |
| Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Brazilian Space Agency • BRIC space program • currenttm • Gramsat • Indian Space Research Organization • Insat • Iranian Space Agency • Israeli Space Agency • JAXA mission • Korean Aerospace Research Institute • new space ventures • North Korean Space Agency • satell |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4419-0874-9 / 1441908749 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4419-0874-2 / 9781441908742 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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