Highway and Urban Environment (eBook)

160266_Rauch_FM_O.pdf 1
160266_Rauch_Ch01_O.pdf 13
Planning for Sustainable Mobility with Personal Rapid Transit in Small European Cities 14
Introduction 14
Method 15
Results 15
Sustainable Mobility and Car Dependence 15
What is Sustainable Mobility ? 17
Interaction Between Mobility, Land-Use, Energy and Behavior Change 17
Sustainability Principles 17
Backcasting × Forecasting 19
PRT Systems Technology 19
Adapted Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development in Karlskrona Municipality’s Sustainable Mobility System 21
Conclusion and Discussion 23
References 24
160266_Rauch_Ch02_O.pdf 26
Financing Urban Transport Through Value Capture 26
Introduction 26
Case Studies 27
Los Angeles, California 27
France 27
Munich, Germany 28
Hong Kong 28
Spanish Situation 28
Taxes and Tributes 28
Property Tax (IBI) 29
Urban Land Value Increase Tax 29
Special Contributions 29
Spanish Experiences 29
Proposals for Spain 30
Developer’s Fee 30
A Modification to the Urban Land Increase Value Tax 30
Office and Retail Fee 31
Private Transport Fee 31
Conclusions 32
References 32
160266_Rauch_Ch03_O.pdf 33
Environmental Costs Account: A Base for Measuring Sustainability in Transport Plans 33
Assessment of Environmental Costs in Urban Areas 33
Social Transport Account: How to Measure 34
Madrid Metropolitan Area Case Study: Structure and Mobility Patterns 35
Transport Costs in Madrid 36
Externalities of Transport Modes in Madrid 38
Recommendations for More Sustainable Transport Policy in Madrid 39
References 39
160266_Rauch_Ch04_O.pdf 41
A GIS Raster Model for Assessing the Environmental Quality of Spain Focused on SEA and Infrastructure Planning Procedures (L 41
Introduction 41
Methods 42
Inventory of 12 Environmental Qualities on a National Scale in Spain 42
Normalisation of the 12 Variables 43
Integration of the 12 Variables into the Model 44
Verification of the Model 44
Results and Discussion 45
References 47
160266_Rauch_Ch05_O.pdf 49
Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Areas 49
Introduction 49
From PDU to PUM and PMUS, Going Through LTP: The Tongue Twister of Urban Mobility 51
Some Strategies and Measures 53
Results and Discussion 53
References 57
160266_Rauch_Ch06_O.pdf 58
Bases for Building a Sustainability Indicator System for Transport 58
Introduction 58
Transport Indicator Systems 59
Methodological Bases for Building a System of Transport Indicators 60
Results 62
Conclusions and Discussion 64
References 65
160266_Rauch_Ch07_O.pdf 67
Part IIAir PollutionBiodiesel from Waste Olive Oil: Transesterification Kinetics, Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption 67
Introduction 68
Experimental 69
Results and Discussion 72
Biodiesel Quality 72
Kinetic Experiment 72
Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption 74
Conclusions 75
References 76
160266_Rauch_Ch08_O.pdf 77
Intake Fraction for Benzene Traffic Emissions in Helsinki 77
Introduction 77
Methodology 78
Results and Discussion 79
Conclusion 82
References 82
160266_Rauch_Ch09_O.pdf 84
Modelling of Air Pollutants of Highway Roads in Hungary 84
Introduction 84
Emission 84
Diffusion Processes in Road Modeling 86
Description of CALINE4 Model 87
Model Experiments and Results 88
Conclusion 90
References 91
160266_Rauch_Ch10_O.pdf 92
Seasonal Trend of Water-Soluble Ions at One TSP and Five PM.2.5. Sampling Sites in Beijing, China 92
Introduction 92
Sampling and Methods 93
Analysis 94
Results and Discussion 94
Particle Mass Concentration 94
Water-Soluble Ions 97
Conclusion 99
References 100
160266_Rauch_Ch11_O.pdf 101
Utilization of Meandering in a Receptor-Oriented Solution of the Line Source Dispersion Equation 101
Introduction 101
Experimental Method 101
Computational Methods 103
Emission Computation 104
Receptor-Oriented Mean Wind Direction 104
Results and Discussion 105
Dependence of Probability, Expected Wind Direction and Effective Distance on Meteorological Mean Wind Direction 105
Conclusion 107
References 107
160266_Rauch_Ch12_O.pdf 109
Measurements of Heavy Metals in Dry and Wet Deposition in São Paulo City 109
Introduction 109
Site Sampling 110
Experimental 110
Reagents and Solutions 110
Analytical Instrumentation 111
Procedure 111
Results and Discussion 111
Wet Deposition 111
Dry Deposition 113
Comparison Between Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes 115
Conclusions 116
References 116
160266_Rauch_Ch13_O.pdf 118
Exposure of Cyclists to Ultra Fine Particles 118
Introduction 118
Experimental Method 119
Results 121
Comparison of UFP with PM10 and PM2.5 Measurements 121
Exposure of UFP to Cyclists on a Cycling Track 121
Discussion 123
Conclusion 124
References 125
160266_Rauch_Ch14_O.pdf 126
Air Pollution Exposure in an Unventilated Tunnel in Leeds, UK 126
Introduction 126
Experimental Method 127
Results and Discussion 129
References 133
160266_Rauch_Ch15_O.pdf 135
Assessment of Aerosol Concentration Sampled at Five Sites in Beijing from 2005 Till 2007 135
Introduction 135
Methods 136
Chemical Analyses 136
Results and Discussion 136
The Meaning of Selected Metal Loads for Aerosol Origin and Pollution 138
Conclusions 139
References 140
160266_Rauch_Ch16_O.pdf 143
Emissions Pollutant from Diesel, Biodiesel and Natural Gas Refuse Collection Vehicles in Urban Areas 143
Introduction 143
Data Collection 143
Vehicles Description 143
Measurement Equipment 144
Analysis Methodology 146
Driving Cycle 146
Results 147
Conclusions 150
References 150
160266_Rauch_Ch17_O.pdf 151
Platinum-Group Element Distribution in Hathersage, a Small Town Near Sheffield, UK: Evidence for a Single Source from Catalyti 152
Introduction 152
Sampling and Methods 153
Results 157
Discussion 159
Conclusions 160
References 160
160266_Rauch_Ch18_O.pdf 162
Platinum and Lead in South African Road Dust 162
Introduction 162
Methodology 163
Results and Discussion 164
Lead Concentrations 164
Platinum Concentrations 165
Conclusions 166
References 167
160266_Rauch_Ch19_O.pdf 168
Reduction of Stormwater Runoff Toxicity by Wet Detention Ponds 169
Introduction 169
Method 170
Collection and Storage of Samples 170
Preparation of Samples Prior to Analysis 170
Toxicity Tests 171
Results and Discussion 172
Conclusion 175
References 175
160266_Rauch_Ch20_O.pdf 177
Microbial Contaminants Removal in a Stormwater Pond 177
Introduction 177
Experimental Method 178
Laboratory Analyses 179
Data Processing 179
Results and Discussion 180
Removal Efficiencies 181
Conclusion 184
References 184
160266_Rauch_Ch21_O.pdf 186
Reuse of Solid Waste from the Clearing of Road Basins and Ditches in Civil Engineering: Environmental Characterization, Ways o 186
Introduction 186
Experimental Method 186
Classification of Drainage Solid Waste 186
Sediment Environmental and Geotechnics Characterization 187
Moisture Analysis 187
Presentation of the Water Loss Experimental Device 188
Result and Discussion 188
Sediment Environmental and Geotechnic Characterization 188
Conclusions and Prospects 193
References 194
160266_Rauch_Ch22_O.pdf 195
Methodology Used for Comparing Two Locations for the New Lisbon Airport Based on the Impacts on Surface Water 195
The Two Airport Alternative Locations 196
Methodology 197
Objectives and Constraints 197
Selection of Characterization Indicators 197
Establishment of Decision Indicators 198
Comparison of the Two Locations 198
Comparison of the Costs of Measures for Impact Mitigation 201
Conclusions and Recommendations 201
References 202
160266_Rauch_Ch23_O.pdf 204
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Waters and Runoff 204
Introduction 204
Materials and Method 205
Quality Assurance Studies 205
Sampling and Analysis of Water and Sediment Samples 206
GC Conditions 207
Results and Discussion 207
Conclusion 210
References 211
160266_Rauch_Ch24_O.pdf 213
Use of Absorptive Media to Monitor Stormwater Contamination in Small Urban Drains 213
Introduction 213
Method 214
Results 215
Discussion 219
Conclusion 220
References 220
160266_Rauch_Ch25_O.pdf 221
Effects of Atmospheric Salt Deposition on Highway Runoff Characteristics – A Pilot Case Study 221
Introduction 221
Methodologies 224
Results and Discussion 225
Final Remarks 227
References 228
160266_Rauch_Ch26_O.pdf 230
Size Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff Waters 230
Introduction 230
Experimental 231
Highway Study Site 231
Analysis of Runoff Waters 231
Size Fractionation of Runoff Waters 232
Results and Discussion 233
Physico-Chemical Characteristics 233
Total Concentrations of Major and Trace Elements 234
Distribution of Metals Among Particulate, Colloidal and Dissolved Fractions 235
Conclusions 237
References 238
160266_Rauch_Ch27_O.pdf 240
Ecotoxicological Impacts on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Exposed to Runoff from a Four Lane Motorway in Norway 240
Introduction 240
Experimental Methods 241
Field Experiment Setup 241
Water Chemistry 241
Fish Physiology 241
Results and Discussion 242
Water Quality 242
Metal Accumulation in Gill Tissue 242
Physiological Responses in Blood 245
Superoxide Dismutase-, Catalase- and Metallothionein Response 246
Conclusions 246
References 246
160266_Rauch_Ch28_O.pdf 249
Potential of Road Surface for a Non-point Source of Pollutants – Result of Nationwide Survey in Japan 249
Introduction 249
Method 250
Equipment Used for the Survey 250
Methods of the Sprinkling Survey 250
Results and Discussion 254
Factors of Variation 255
Percentage of Runoff Load in Potential Load (Pollutant Runoff Coefficient) 257
History of Unit Load in Japan 258
Conclusion 258
References 259
160266_Rauch_Ch29_O.pdf 260
Trace Metals in Stockholm Sediments 260
Introduction 260
Methodology 261
Trace Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments 261
Copper, Zinc, Lead and Cadmium 261
Antimony, Tungsten, Tin and Silver 262
Platinum and Rhodium 263
Assessment of Potential Risks 264
Source Characterization 265
Conclusions 265
References 266
160266_Rauch_Ch30_O.pdf 267
Environmental Impacts of the A6 Highway in La Silva Stream in the Region of Bierzo. (Leon). Spain 267
Introduction 267
Methodology 268
Results and Discussion 268
Variation in Water Physicochemical Characteristics Along La Silva 269
Acidity in La Silva Stream 272
Conclusion 275
References 275
160266_Rauch_Ch31_O.pdf 276
Arsenic Contamination After Wood Impregnation: Speciation, Sorption and Leaching 277
Introduction 277
Experimental and Methods 279
Samples 279
Results and Discussion 281
Batch Tests – Leaching Aerobic/Anaerobic Conditions 282
Groundwater 283
Conclusions 285
References 286
160266_Rauch_Ch32_O.pdf 288
Effect of Heavy Metal on Complex Permittivity Characteristics of Saturated Sand 288
Introduction 288
Complex Permittivity and Polarization 289
Experimental Method 290
Materials and Sample Preparation 290
Electromagnetic Measurements and Test Cells 291
Results and Discussion 292
Conclusion 293
Nomenclature 293
References 293
160266_Rauch_Ch33_O.pdf 295
Blast-Furnace Sludge as Sorbent Material for Multi-metal Contaminated Water 295
Introduction 295
Experimental and Methods 296
Characterization of the Blast-Furnace Sludge 296
Sorption Beaker Tests 296
Simulation of Species in the Multi-metal Solutions 298
Result and Discussion 298
Blast-Furnace Sludge – Removal Capacities 299
Old Furnace Sludge – Removal Capacities 299
Blast-Furnace Slag – Sorption Capacities 299
Simulation of Species 302
Conclusions 304
References 304
160266_Rauch_Ch34_O.pdf 306
Evaluation of Zn, Cu and Pb Sorption-Desorption Phenomena in Kaolinite-Sand Media Filtration Pilot Scale Installation 306
Introduction 306
Experimental Details 307
Operational Procedures 309
Desorption Procedures 309
Column C1 310
Column C2 311
Column C3 312
Conclusion 313
References 314
160266_Rauch_Ch35_O.pdf 315
Diagnosing the Impact of Traffic on Roadside Soils Through Chemometric Analysis on the Concentrations of More Than 60 Metals M 315
Introduction 315
Experimental – Method 316
Results and Discussion 318
Conclusions 321
References 322
160266_Rauch_Ch36_O.pdf 323
Influence of De-Icing Salt on K Supply and Street Trees Ecological Status in Riga, Latvia 323
Introduction 323
Materials and Methods 324
Sampling 324
Laboratory Analysis 325
Results and Discussion 326
Conclusions 330
References 330
160266_Rauch_Ch37_O.pdf 332
Heavy Metals Soil Pollution in Some Urban Location from Romania 332
Introduction 332
Experimental Method 333
Results and Discussion 333
The Nature of Urban Soils from Bucharest, Iassy and Baia Mare 333
Abundance of Heavy Metals 334
Cd, Pb and Zn Total Content Fractions 337
Heavy Metals Contamination/Pollution Level 338
Heavy Metals Correlations 339
Conclusion 340
References 340
160266_Rauch_Ch38_O.pdf 341
Effects of Transport Infrastructure Plans on Climate Change. Application to the Spanish Strategic Transport and Infrastructure 342
Introduction 342
Methodology 343
Results and Discussion 344
Case Study Description 344
Implementation of the Methodology 345
Conclusions 347
References 348
160266_Rauch_Ch39_O.pdf 349
Designing High Traffic Volume Urban Motorway Pavements to Maximize Sustainability 349
Introduction 349
Road Transportation and Sustainability 350
Maximizing Sustainability in Urban Pavement Design 351
Perpetual Pavement Design Strategy 352
Case Study 352
Reduced Environmental Impacts 354
Conclusions 357
References 358
160266_Rauch_Ch40_O.pdf 359
Fuel Tax Levels Necessary to Achieve the Agreed Reduction Targets of CO.2. Emissions. The Case of Madrid 359
Introduction 359
Methodology 360
System Dynamics 360
Land Use and Transport Model. MARS Model 360
Problem Statement – Scenarios 361
CO.2. Emissions Target Adopted 362
Results and Discussion for Madrid Case Study 365
Impacts on CO.2. Emissions and Mobility Behavior 365
Conclusion 366
References 366
160266_Rauch_Ch41_O.pdf 368
Emission Inventory for the Road Transport Sector in the Urban Area of Naples: Methodology and Results 368
Introduction 368
COPERT IV Methodology 369
Overview 369
Uncertainties and Calculation Procedure 370
The Emission Inventory 370
Results 371
Conclusion 375
References 376
160266_Rauch_Ch42_O.pdf 377
Transport Energy Use and Emission Trends in Spain 377
Introduction 377
Transport and Greenhouse Gases 378
Inefficient Modal Share and Energy Intensity 379
Dominant Position of Road Transport 381
CO.2. Emissions Trend Scenarios and Potential Mitigation Strategies in the Transport Sector 382
Discussion and Conclusions 383
References 383
160266_Rauch_Index_O.pdf 385