Disability & International Development (eBook)

Malcolm MacLachlan is Associate Professor at the Centre for Global Health and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin.  His research focuses on psychosocial rehabilitation of physically disabled people, organizational aspects of international aid and development, and culture and health. Leslie Swartz is Professor of Psychology at Stellenbosch University (South Africa) and an Honourary Research Associate at the Human Sciences Research Council.  He holds a doctorate in Psychology from the University of Cape Town and is rated as an internationally rated scientist by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.    

Disability & International Development
Chapter 1 20
From the Local to the Global: the Many Contexts of Disability and International Development 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 What is this Book About? 24
1.3 Outline of the Book 25
1.3.1 Section 1: Contextual Issues 26
1.3.2 Section 2: Disability Research and Development 26
1.3.3 Section 3: Some Specific Challenges 27
References 29
Chapter 2 31
The Effect of Failed States on the Well-Being and Lives of People with Disabilities 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Surviving a Failed State 38
2.2.1 The Example of South Africa: From Apartheid to Reunification – and Disability 38
2.3 Failing in a Failed State 40
2.3.1 The Example of Zimbabwe: From Prosperity Through Deconstruction to Ruin – and Disability 40
2.4 Conclusions 45
Box 2.1: Indicators of State Vulnerability (derived from: Foreign Policy, 2007) 33
Social Indicators 33
References 47
Chapter 3 49
The Impact of International Human Rights Law on the National Laws of Ethiopia from a Gender Rights and Disability Rights 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Introduction to Ethiopia and Disability 49
3.3 International Law, National Law and Local Cultural and Traditional Practices 50
3.3.1 The United Nations and the African Regional Human Rights Standards 50
3.3.2 Does International Human Rights Legislation Have an Impact on Domestic Law? 51
3.3.3 Local Customs and Traditions: Informal Justice Systems 52
3.4 International Human Rights Instruments in Relation to Global Health and Disability 54
3.4.1 Global Health and Disability 54
3.4.2 Ethiopia with Particular Reference to HIV/AIDS 56
3.4.3 Ethiopian National Law and HIV/AIDS 57
3.4.4 The Impact of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 57
3.5 Ethiopia and its Relationship with the International Human Rights Treaty Committees 58
3.5.1 Ethiopia in Context 58
3.5.2 Study of the International Human Rights Committee Reports 59
3.5.3 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 60
3.5.4 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 61
3.5.5 Committee on the Rights of the Child 61
3.6 Recommendations from an International Level 62
3.6.1 The Problems with International Law 62
3.7 Legislative Gaps in the Domestic Laws of Ethiopia 63
3.7.1 The Problems Within Domestic Law 63
3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 66
References 67
Chapter 4 68
Building an Inclusive National Strategy for Disabled Children in Kyrgyzstan Through an Application of the .BIAS FREE. Frame 68
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 What is the .BIAS FREE. Framework? 68
4.2.1 Addresses Multiple Biases 69
4.2.2 Exploring Common Roots of Domination and Social Inequality 69
4.2.3 19 Thought-Provoking Questions 70
4.2.4 3-Dimensional Matrix 70
4.2.5 Multiple Forms of Discrimination 70
4.2.6 Rights-Based 71
4.3 How Does the .BIAS FREE. Framework Work? 71
4.4 An Application of the .BIAS FREE. Framework in Kyrgyzstan 71
4.5 Questionnaire Content 72
H Problems: Maintaining an Existing Hierarchy 72
F Problems: Failing to Examine Differences 78
D Problems: Using Double Standards 79
4.6 Data Collection 80
4.7 Research Findings 82
4.8 Workshops 82
4.9 National Working Group 83
4.10 Conclusion 84
References 84
Chapter 5 86
Networking in Disability for Development: Introducing the African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability (AfriNEAD) 86
5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Global and Historical Aspects of Networking 88
5.3 Perceived Culture of Global Networks 90
5.4 The Emergence of Voices of Concerned Advocates 91
5.5 Drawing Experiences from the Disability Movement 92
5.6 Background to the African Network on Evidence-to-Action in Disability (AfriNEAD) 97
5.6.1 Why AfriNEAD Now? 98
5.6.2 What is AfriNEAD? 99
5.6.3 How Will AfriNEAD Measure its Success? Some Reflections Regarding the Quest for Relevancy and Sustainability in Net 100
References 103
Chapter 6 107
Building Disability Research Capacity in Low-Income Contexts: Possibilities and Challenges 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Disability, Exclusion and the Politics of Knowledge 108
6.3 Disability Politics and Research Criteria 109
6.4 An Example of Research Capacity Development Issues 111
6.5 Research Capacity and the Knowledge Management Challenge 114
6.6 Concluding Comments 118
References 119
Chapter 7 120
Empowerment, Advocacy and National Development Policy: A Case Study of Disabled Peoples’ Organizations in Bolivia 120
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Disability on the Development Agenda and National Development Plans 121
7.3 Empowerment and Advocacy 122
7.4 Disability Advocacy in Bolivia 124
7.5 Influencing People to Create Change 125
7.5.1 Government as an Agent of Change 126
7.6 Means of Empowerment: Education and Employment 127
7.7 Barrier Removal as Empowerment 128
7.8 Advocacy and Empowerment: Practical Uses in Disability Movement 129
7.9 Recommendations 130
References 131
Chapter 8 133
Cultural Challenges in Piloting Disability Surveys in Papua New Guinea 133
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 The Papua New Guinea Context 134
8.3 Defining Disability 135
8.4 Outline of the Pilot Survey Methods 136
8.5 The Missing Role of Disabled People in the Research Process 138
8.6 Cultural Influences on the Research Process: Expectations of Material Benefit 140
8.7 Payment Issues 142
8.8 Other Cultural Influences on the Data Collected 144
8.8.1 Lexical Equivalence 144
8.8.2 Conceptual Equivalence 145
8.8.3 Status Equivalence 146
8.8.4 Respondents’ Frames of Reference 146
8.8.5 Non-comprehension 147
8.8.6 Privacy 148
8.9 Conclusion 148
References 149
Chapter 9 151
Disability and HIV/AIDS: A Key Development Issue 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 HIV/AIDS and Persons with Disabilities: What are the Risks? 151
9.3 HIV Interventions and Persons with Disabilities in Lower-Income Countries 154
9.4 Concluding Comments 156
References 157
Chapter 10 162
Assistive Technology in Low-Income Countries 162
10.1 Introduction 162
10.2 New Knowledge About Assistive Devices in Developing Countries 165
10.3 Discussion 171
References 172
Chapter 11 174
Childhood Disability in Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone: An Exploratory Analysis 174
11.1 Introduction 174
11.2 Measuring Disability 175
11.2.1 Body Structures and Function 176
11.2.2 Activities and Participation 177
11.2.3 Environmental Factors 177
11.3 Methodology 179
11.4 Results and Analysis 180
11.5 Disability Policy 181
11.6 Meaning of Disability 181
11.7 Case Scenario 1 182
11.7.1 Case Scenario 2 182
11.8 Prevalence of Disability 184
11.9 Causes of Childhood Disability 184
11.10 Impact of Disability 185
11.11 What Would Most Improve the Lives of Children with Disabilities? 185
11.12 Challenges Facing the Disability Movement 186
11.13 Research Needs 187
Appendix: Interview Template 189
Introduction 189
Questions 190
Families 190
References 191
Chapter 12 193
Education, Disability, and International Development 193
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Inclusion in Schooling and Disability 194
12.2.1 Background 194
12.2.2 Movement to Inclusive Education 194
12.2.3 Inclusion at Tertiary Level and Disability 196
12.2.3.1 Background 196
12.2.4 Higher Education, Disability and the Professions 197
12.2.5 Postgraduate Training and Disability 197
12.3 Conclusion 199
References 200
Chapter 13 202
Listening to the Voices of Disability: Experiences of Caring for Children with Cerebral Palsy in a Rural South African Set 202
13.1 Introduction 202
13.2 Service Provision in a “Uniquely South African” Setting 203
13.2.1 Childhood Disability in South Africa 203
13.2.1.1 Setting 203
13.2.2 Access to Setting 206
13.2.3 Caregiver Informants 206
13.2.4 Disability Narratives 207
13.3 Macro-variables 209
13.3.1 Information on and Access to Government Resources 209
13.3.2 HIV/AIDS 210
13.3.3 Infrastructure and Access 210
13.3.4 Inability to Work 211
13.3.5 Hospital Administration 211
13.4 Micro-variables 211
13.4.1 Support Within the Family and Community 211
13.4.2 Reactions to Disability: Acceptance, Guilt, Disappointment and Depression 212
13.4.3 Family Roles and Gender Dynamics 213
13.5 Shared Variables 214
13.5.1 Traditional Beliefs and Western Medical Practices and Religion 214
13.5.2 Attitudes of Healthcare Professionals 216
13.5.3 Support Narratives 217
13.6 Conclusions 217
Appendix Participant M – Paraphrased Ethnography and Interview 219
References 222
Index 224