Geographic Location in the Internet (eBook)

Contents 6
Contributors 12
Acknowledgements 15
Preface 17
Chapter 1 Location Based Services 20
1. INTRODUCTION 20
2. LOCATION BASED SERVICES 21
3. LBS PROTOTYPES 22
4. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES 23
4.1 CDMA2000 LBS Applications 23
4.2 MLP 26
5. SUMMARY 29
6. REFERENCES 30
Chapter 2 Geolocation on Cellular Networks 32
1. INTRODUCTION 32
2. EXISTING AND FUTURE CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES 33
3. GSM AND ITS SUCCESSORS 35
4. THE GSM LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK 40
5. MOBILE POSITIONING METHODS 45
5.1 Cell Identity 46
5.2 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival 47
5.3 Enhanced Observed Time Difference 49
5.4 Observed Time Difference of Arrival with Idle Periods in the Downlink 51
5.5 Advanced Forward Link Trilateration 51
5.6 (Assisted) Global Positioning System 52
5.7 Comparison of the Positioning Methods 54
6. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESCRIPTION 56
7. POSITIONING PROCEDURES IN THE LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK 58
7.1 Mobile Originating Location Request (MO-LR) 59
7.2 Mobile Terminating Location Request (MT-LR) 61
7.3 Mobile Terminating Deferred Location Request (Deferred MT-LR) 63
7.4 Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR) 64
8. SUMMARY 64
REFERRED STANDARDS 67
Chapter 3 Location Service in CDMA2000 Networks 70
1. INTRODUCTION 70
2. LOCATION SERVICE BASED ON IS-41 NETWORK 72
2.1 IS-41 Based Network Reference Model for Location Service 72
2.2 Location Service Control 73
2.3 Position Determination 74
2.4 Location Service Procedure 75
2.4.1 Registration Procedure 75
2.4.2 Location Information Retrieval Procedure 75
2.4.3 MS Assisted Position Determination Procedure 77
2.5 Application Examples 79
2.5.1 Find Nearest McDonald Restaurant 79
2.5.2 Emergency Service Call 80
3. LOCATION SERVICE IN ALL-IP NETWORK 81
3.1 All-IP Network Reference Model for Location Service 81
3.2 Position Service Registration in All-IP Network 83
3.3 Location Service Scenario 84
4. CONCLUSION 85
References 86
Chapter 4 Application of Location Information to SIP 88
1. INTRODUCTION 88
2. THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL 89
2.1 The SIP Protocol 90
2.2 The SIP Architecture 91
2.3 SIP in Wired Networks 94
2.3.1 SIP within ISP 94
2.3.2 Providing Location Data in Wired Networks 94
2.4 SIP in Wireless Networks 95
2.4.1 UMTS Architecture 95
2.4.2 Provisioning Location Data in UMTS networks 98
3. SIP SERVICE PROVISIONING 98
3.1 SIP Mechanisms for Services Provisioning 99
3.2 SIP Services Provisioning 100
3.3 Architecture and Data Formats for Location Information 100
3.3.1 Location Interoperability Forum 101
3.3.1.1 Mobile Location Protocol Specification 104
3.3.1.2 LIF Service Example 105
3.3.1.3 LIF Location Structure 106
3.3.2 WAP Forum 107
3.3.2.1 WAP Service Example 109
3.3.2.2 WAP Location Structure 110
3.3.3 Spatial Location Information in Fixed IP Networks 111
3.4 Location Based Services Scenarios 113
3.4.1 Emergency Call 114
3.4.2 Location Based Supplementary Services 118
3.4.2.1 Push Services 118
3.4.2.2 Pull Services 119
3.4.3 Service Discovery 121
3.4.4 Security at SIP Layer 121
4. CONCLUSION 123
4.1 Security 123
5. REFERENCES 124
Chapter 5 Protocols for Updating Highly Accurate Location Information 130
1. INTRODUCTION 130
2. BACKGROUND 132
2.1 Positioning Sensors 132
2.2 Network Environment 132
3. UPDATE PROTOCOLS 133
3.1 Classification 134
3.1.1 Querying Protocols 134
3.1.2 Reporting Protocols 136
3.1.3 Combined Protocol 139
3.2 Behavior in Case of Disconnection 140
3.2.1 Querying Protocols 141
3.2.2 Reporting Protocols 141
3.2.3 Combined Protocol 141
3.3 Summary 141
4. ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF THE PROTOCOLS 142
4.1 Location and Uncertainty Model 144
4.2 Querying Protocols 146
4.3 Reporting Protocols 147
4.4 Combined Protocol 149
4.5 Discussion 150
5. SIMULATION RESULTS 154
6. CONCLUSION 158
Literature 159
Chapter 6 Geographic Search Engines 162
1. INTRODUCTION 162
2. HTML MARKUP 163
3. WEB TRAVERSAL AND INDEXING 164
4. SEARCH ALGORITHM 165
5. PRESENTATION14 166
6. MAP CACHING 168
7. MOBILE APPLICATIONS 169
8. GEOGRAPHIC DATUM 170
9. ADVANCED GEOGRAPHIC SEARCHING 170
9.1 Keywordless Searching 171
9.2 Keywordless Search Algorithms 172
9.3 Applications of Keywordless Search 173
9.4 Zipcode Searching 176
10. PROPERTY RIGHTS ISSUES 177
11. REFERENCES 177
Chapter 7 The Elements of Location Tracking and Privacy Protection 182
1. THE CRITICAL NEED FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION 182
2. DIVERSITY OF LOCATION SERVICE SCENARIOS 184
2.1 Open or Closed Location Environments 184
2.2 Tracking a Person or a Thing 185
2.3 Fixed or Mobile Locations 185
2.4 Private or Public Raw Location Data 186
3. THE ELEMENTS OF LOCATION COMPUTATION 187
3.1 A Framework to Describe Location Computation Scenarios 187
3.2 The Basic Location Computation Scenarios 189
3.3 Examples of Scenarios 190
4. AFTER THE LOCATION COMPUTATION 191
5. PRIVACY RULES AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT 192
5.1 General Elements of Privacy 192
5.2 Specific Elements of Location Privacy 193
5.3 A Critical Need for Strong Default Privacy Rules 194
5.4 Implications of the Location Computation Scenarios 195
5.5 Possible Technological Considerations 196
6. CONCLUSION 197
7. REFERENCES 197
Chapter 8 Location Information Privacy 198
1. OVERVIEW 198
2. MOTIVATION: THE PROBLEM 200
3. FRAMEWORK: ENTITIES, FLOWS, SCENARIOS 201
3.1 Entities 201
3.2 Data 204
3.2.1 Sighting 204
3.2.2 Location 205
3.2.3 Identities and Credentials 206
3.2.4 Policies 207
3.3 Data Flows 208
3.4 Scenarios 209
3.4.1 Scenario 1: The Handset-based Solution 210
3.4.2 Scenario 2: A Network-Based Location Data Source 211
3.4.3 Scenario 3: External Location Server 212
3.4.4 Scenario 4: External Location Server and Location Recipients 213
3.4.5 Scenario 5: External Location Data Source and Location Server 214
3.4.6 Scenario 6: Untrusted Local Location Server 216
4. IDENTITY MANAGEMENT 216
4.1 Privacy: Definitions 216
4.1.1 Other considerations 218
4.1.1.1 Traffic Analysis 218
4.1.1.2 Related Privacy-Protecting Efforts 218
4.2 Identity of Users, Location Recipients 219
4.2.1 Public Identities 219
4.2.2 Private Identifiers 222
4.2.3 Some Realizations of the Identity/credential Requirements 224
5. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS 225
6. REFERENCES 227
Index 232
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Chapter 6 Geographic Search Engines (p.143-144)

Andrew Daviel,
Felix Kaegi
Geotags, Inc

1. INTRODUCTION