Intelligence-Led Policing

Jerry Ratcliffe is Professor at the Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia.

1. Introduction. Reimagining policing. What is intelligence-led policing?. What makes intelligence-led policing unique?. A holistic approach to crime control. Case study: Operation Nine Connect. The structure of this book 2. Origins of intelligence-led policing. Drivers for change. Complexity in policing and the performance culture. Managing risk. The demand gap. Limitations of the standard model of policing. Organised and transnational crime. Changes in technology. The US policing landscape. Fragmented and uncoordinated. Viewpoint: Fragmented policing and the role of fusion centers. Demonising intelligence. The community policing era. Slow emergence of problem-oriented policing. Rapid emergence of Compstat. 9/11 and homeland security. The British policing landscape. New public managerialism and oversight. Sporadic emergence of problem-oriented policing in the UK. Helping with enquiries and policing with intelligence. The National Intelligence Model. Summary. Notes 3. The magnitude of the crime challenge. The crime funnel. How much crime gets reported?. Case study: Calls for service in America's most dangerous city. Crime-prone places. Completing the crime funnel. The offender problem. Individual offending and recidivism. Predicting prolific offenders. Can the police identify prolific offenders?. Organised crime. Viewpoint: Threat measurement techniques for organised crime. Summary 4. Defining intelligence-led policing. Related policing frameworks. Community policing. Problem-oriented policing. Compstat. Conceptual confusion. Viewpoint: Policing conceptual frameworks from the analyst's perspective. Intelligence-led policing defined. Original tenets. Revising the original model. Intelligence-led policing components. Summary 5. Analytical frameworks. Awash with terminology. What is criminal intelligence?. What is crime analysis?. Data, information and knowledge?. DIKI continuum. From knowledge to intelligence. Levels of crime intelligence. NIM levels. Viewpoint: A practitioner's perspective on the National Intelligence Model. Conceptualising analysis. NIM business model. The 3-i model. Can models reflect reality?. Summary 6. Interpreting the criminal environment. Target selection. Recording crime details. Threat assessments. Objective targeting and offender self-selection. Playing well with others. Viewpoint: Information sharing at the national level. Information collation. Improving information sharing. A role for liaison officers?. Confidential informants. Analytical tehcniques. Strategic thinking. Summary note 7. Influencing decision-makers. Who are decision-makers?. Front-line officers. Police leadership. Non-law enforcement. The general public. Security networks. Viewpoint: The responsibilities of intelligence-led police leadership. Understanding the client's environment. Working with the audience. Maximising influence. Embracing networks. Recommending action. Summary 8. Having an impact on crime. Revisiting the crime funnel. Estimating prevention benefits. Reduction, disruption and prevention. The changing leadership role. Viewpoint: The leadership role in intelligence-led policing. Steering the rowers in the right direction. The police impact on crime. Does police targeting prevent crime?. Does increasing arrests reduce crime?. Intelligence-led crime reduction. Summary 9. Evaluating intelligence-led policing. Evaluation concepts and practice. What are we evaluating?. Types of evaluations. Operation Vendas and Operation Safe Streets. Evaluation skills. Pure evaluations and realistic evaluations. Case study: Operation Anchorage. Viewpoint: Refining strategy after Operation Anchorage. Measuring success in different ways. The cost-benefit of surveillance and confidential informants. Measuring disruption. Measuring success in changing business practice. Measuring success in performance indicators. Summary. Notes 10. Challenges for the future. The challenges of covert activity. The risks of greater informant use in covert activities. Principle of proportionality. Storing private information. Human rights and surveillance. Viewpoint: Intelligence-led policing and public trust. The widening security agenda. Greater strategic application. Merging criminal intelligence and national security. An agenda for the future. Conceptual training for analysts and executives. Disseminating success. Looking beyond the tactical imperatives. Engage the next cohort of police leaders. Ten yardsticks for intelligence-led policing. Summary