Energy Security

Sanam S Haghighi obtained her PhD from the law department of the European University Institute in Florence, and was previously educated at McGill and NYU. She contributed to the EUROGULF Project (an EU-GCC Energy Cooperation) and later worked as a consultant for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) where she dealt mainly with energy-related legal aspects of the WTO and EU law as well as international environmental and development policies.

Introduction 1 Security of Energy Supply in Europe: An Analysis 1.1. Security of Energy Supply: The Fundamentals 1.2. Energy Security: Perspectives on Demand, Supply, and Risks 1.3. Energy Security: Actors and Instruments 1.4. Concluding Remarks 2 External Security of Energy Supply in Europe: Historical Overview 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The Restructuring of the Energy Supply Framework:1951-1958 2.3. The Development of the Energy Supply Framework:1959-1972 2.4. The Oil Crisis and the New Phase of Energy Policy:1973-1986 2.5. The Feeble Attempt to Create an Efficient External Energy Policy: 1987-2006 3 Division of Competences and Security of Energy Supply 3.1. Brief Remark 3. 2. Introduction 3.3. From the Treaty Establishing the ECSC to the Nice Treaty 3.4. Energy Competences in the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 3.5. External Competences: The Evolution in the Case Law of the ECJ 3.6. Division of Competences and the CFSP 4 Internal Outlook: EU Measures in the Field of Energy 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Community Measures Affecting Trade in Energy Goods and Services 4.3. The Obligation to Hold Stocks of Crude Oil and/or Petroleum Products 4.4. The Directive on the Security of Natural Gas Supply 4.5 External Aspect of Important Internal Soft Measures 4.6. Conclusion: The Division of Competences and Security of Energy Supply 5 External Outlook: Energy Charter Treaty and the GATT/WTO 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The Energy Charter Treaty: A General Overview 5.3. The Investment Regime of the ECT 5.4. The Trade Regime: ECT and GATT/WTO Compared 5.5. The Transit Regime of the Energy Charter Treaty 5.6. Conclusion: The ECT and Europe's Security of Energy Supply 6 EU Relations with Russia, the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf Countries: The Missing Elements 6.1. EU-Russia Energy Relations 6.2. EU-Mediterranean Energy Relations 6.3. EU-Persian Gulf Countries' Energy Relations 6.4. Conclusion 7 The Two Missing Sides: The Development Cooperation Policy and the CFSP 7.1. The Development Cooperation Policy and Energy Security: An Inter-relation