An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition

TABLE OF CASE HISTORIES (SIDEBARS)
To Catch a Cougar
The Bungled Burglary (Or, the Burglar that Couldn't)
Quintanilla
The Czar's Bones (Or, What Difference a Base Pair?)
A Case of Victim's Evidence (Or, One Bled and the Other Pled)
Minisatellite Variable Repeat Analysis (MVR)
The Simpson Saga
The Case of the Disappearing Sperm (Or, Whose Type is it Anyway?)
The Botanical Witness (Or, What the Seed Pod Saw)
A Cold Hit in Minnesota (Or, the Database in Winter)
The First RFLP Case (State of Florida v. Tommy Lee Andrews)
INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Science and the Law
From Identification to Individualization
Fingerprints and DNA
Conventional Blood Typing
THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Contamination
Collection of Evidence
Preservation of Evidence
Evaluation of Evidence
RFLP
PCR

A SHORT HISTORY OF DNA TYPING

THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF DNA TYPING
Why DNA?
An Introduction to Human Genetics
The Physical Basis of Heredity
Alleles - Variations on a Theme
Population Genetics
An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of DNA
Two Kinds of Variation
Enzymes, the Workhorses of the Biological World
AN OVERVIEW OF FORENSIC DNA TYPING SYSTEMS
RFLP Analysis
PCR Amplification
HLA DQa/HLA DQA1
AmpliType® PM - "Polymarker"
D1S80
Gender ID
Mitochondrial DNA
What Kinds of Samples Can Be Analyzed?
How Much Sample Do You Need?
PROCEDURES FOR FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS
Isolation of DNA
Chelex Extraction
Organic Extraction
Differential Extraction
Determining Quality and Quantity of DNA
RFLP Analysis
PCR Amplification
Analysis of PCR Product
Sequence of Polymorphisms
Length Polymorphisms (D1S80, STRs, Gender ID)
Automated Analysis Systems
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS
Determination of Similarity
Evaluation of Results
Frequency Estimate Calculations
Population Substructure
INTERPRETATION OF DNA TYPING RESULTS
Complicating Factors
System Specific Interpretational Issues
DNA AND THE DATABASE
QUALITY CONTROL AND REGULATION
Certification and Accreditation
TWGDAM
NRC I and II
NRC I
NRC II
Federal DNA Advisory Committee
ADMISSIBILITY STANDARDS - SCIENCE ON TRIAL IN THE COURTROOM
The Frye Standard and the Federal Rules of Evidence
RFLP
PCR
The State of the Debate
EPILOGUE - MOVING INTO THE NEXT MILLENNIUM
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
DNA - Some Key Phrases
Slot Blot
Yield Gel
Digest Gel
Product Gel
Chromosomal Location of Some Forensic Loci
Sample Frequency Calculation
Guidelines for a Quality Assurance Program for DNA Analysis
NRC I and NRC II Recommendations
State Statutes and Legislation Regarding the Admissibility of DNA Evidence
Statutes and Legislation Regarding Mandatory Submission of Blood Samples for DNA Identification
Summary of DNA Decisions
Reported Court Decisions on Forensic DNA Evidence
Amicus Brief Presented to the Supreme Court of the State of California by the California Association of Criminalists
Forensic Science Internet Resources
INDEX