Religion, Equality and Employment in Europe

Katayoun Alidadi is an Assistant Professor of Legal Studies at Bryant University (Smithfield, RI, USA) and a Research Associate at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Halle, Germany). Her work focuses on human rights, conflict of laws, employment law and the intersections of law and religion. She was awarded the 2013 Ius Commune Prize for her research on reasonable accommodation for religion and belief. Katayoun holds a PhD in law from the KULeuven (Leuven, Belgium) and an LL.M. from Harvard Law School (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Introduction: Religion and Employment in Europe. Thick Identities Colliding with Muscular Liberalism
I. The Turn Towards Religion and Accommodation
II. Scope of Analysis and Overview
III. Reasonable Accommodation: Typology, Hard Cases, Substantive Equality and Decommodification
IV. Liberalism, Thick Identities and Coping Mechanisms

PART I. Freedom of Religion out of its Comfort Zone. Religion in the Workplace and Europe’s Two Supranational Courts
Manoeuvring a Multi-layered Fundamental Rights Architecture
1. Religion or Belief in the Workplace under the Human Rights Framework
I. Human Rights, Religious Freedom and Diversity
II. The European Convention on Human Rights and the ECtHR
2. The EU and Religion or Belief in the Workplace: From the Rapid Rise of EU Non-Discrimination Law to the Limits of Market-Rationalised Equality Law
I. Introduction: The EU ‘Fundamental Rights Revolution’
II. The CJEU and Religious Accommodations in the Workplace

PART II. Religion or Belief in the Belgian, Dutch and British Private Sector Workplace: Between Assimilation Demands and Reasonable Accommodation
European Country Studies: The Importance of Contextualisation
3. The (Non-)Accommodation of Religious Dress in the European Workplace
I. Introduction
II. Religious Dress in the Employment Context in Belgium: Judgment-Proof Restrictive Employer Practices
III. Accommodation of Religious Dress in the Dutch Workplace: Illustrating the Divergent General and Special Effects of Anti-Discrimination Law
IV. Accommodating Religiously Distinct Dress in the British Workplace: Progressive Case Law and
‘Flexible Tolerance’ on the Ground
V. Comparison: Corporate Neutrality Policies and the Uneven Rooting of Reasonable Accommodation
4. Conflicting Religion-Worktime Demands: Is Europe Keeping Up with the Times?
I. Introduction: Intersection of Human Rights and Working Time Regulation
II. Belgian Case Law on Religion-Worktime Conflicts
III. Dutch Case Law on Religion-Worktime Conflicts
IV. British Case Law on Religion-Worktime Conflicts
V. Conclusion
5. Religious Affiliation Discrimination and Miscellaneous Accommodation
I. Introduction
II. Religious Affiliation Discrimination: The Thin Heart of the Matter?
III. Negative Work Environment and Harassment; Proselytising in the Workplace
IV. Objections to Job Duties Grounded on Religion or Belief
V. Let’s Shake on it? Social and Gender Relations in the Workplace
VI. Religious Prayer and Dietary Considerations in the Workplace
6. Country Study Insights and Reasonable Accommodation
I. The Limits of the Law
II. The Added Value of Reasonable Accommodation for Religion and Belief in the European Context
III. Arguments Against Reasonable Accommodation and Rebuttal