Perspectives on Deviance and Social Control

Michelle Inderbitzin primarily studies prison culture, juvenile justice, and transformative education. She is co-editor of the book The Voluntary Sector in Prisons: Encouraging Personal and Institutional Change, and she won the American Society of Criminology Teaching Award in 2017. Dr. Inderbitzin earned her PhD in sociology from the University of Washington and has been a faculty member at Oregon State University since 2001. Along with her on-campus classes on crime and deviance, she regularly teaches classes and volunteers in Oregon’s maximum-security prison for men and state youth correctional facilities. Kristin A. Bates is a professor of criminology and justice studies in the Department of Sociology at California State University San Marcos. Her research focuses on racial, ethnic, and gender inequality in criminal justice policies. She is currently involved in a study examining the community impact of civil gang injunctions. She is co-editor of the book Through the Eye of Katrina: Social Justice in the United States, as well as co-author of Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse Society, both in their second editions. Dr. Bates earned her PhD in sociology from the University of Washington in 1998. Randy R. Gainey is a professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University. His research focuses on sentencing decisions, alternatives to incarceration, and neighborhood characteristics and crime. He is co-author of two other books: Family Violence and Criminal Justice: A Life-Course Approach, now in its third edition, and Drugs and Policing. His articles have recently appeared in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, Theoretical Criminology, The Prison Journal, The Journal of Criminal Justice, and The Journal of Crime and Justice. Dr. Gainey earned his PhD in sociology in 1995 at the University of Washington.

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Introduction to Deviance
Introduction
Conceptions of Deviance
The Sociological Imagination
The Importance of Theory and Its Relationship to Research
Global Perspectives on Deviance
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites
Ideas in Action
Conclusion: Organization of the Book
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Recommended Resources
Chapter 2. The Diversity of Deviance
Introduction
Deviance and Its Varied Forms
Physical Deviance and Appearance: Ideals of Beauty, Self-Harm, and Body Modification
Relationships and Deviance
Deviance in Cyberspace: Making Up the Norms as We Go
Subcultural Deviance
Elite Deviance, Corporate Deviance, and Workplace Misconduct
Positive Deviance
Global Perspectives on Types of Deviance
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: The Cases of Addiction, Prostitution, and Graffiti
Ideas in Action: Guerrilla Gardening in Low-Income Areas
Question: So Who Are the Deviants? Answer: It Depends on Whom You Ask
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 3. Researching Deviance
Introduction
Methodological Approaches to Studying Deviance
Content Analysis
Secondary Data Sources
Ethical Considerations in Studying Deviance
Global Perspectives on Trials and Tribulations Involved in Researching Deviance Across the Globe
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Using Content Analysis to Study Deviants Among the Business Elite and Street Bikers
Ideas in Action: Evaluating Programs and Policy
Conclusion
Endnote
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 4. Anomie/Strain Theory
Introduction
Development of Anomie/Strain Theory
Robert Merton and Adaptations to Anomie/Strain
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, Differential Opportunity
Albert Cohen, Delinquent Boys
Robert Agnew, General Strain Theory
Messner and Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream— Institutional Anomie Theory
Application of Anomie and Strain Theories
Critiques of Anomie and Strain Theories
Global Perspectives on Anomie/Strain Theory
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: The Occupy Wall Street Movement
Ideas in Action: Transforming Innovation Into Conformity and Legitimate Success
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 5. Social Disorganization Theory
Introduction
Development of Social Disorganization Theory
Shaw and McKay’s Study of Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas
Critiques of Social Disorganization Theory
Rebirth of Social Disorganization Theory
Empirical Tests of Social Disorganization Theory
Global Perspectives on Social Disorganization Theory
Tests of Social Disorganization in Cities Outside the United States
More Theoretical and Empirical Advances and Divergences: Social and Physical Disorder
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites With Social Disorganization Theory
Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From Social Disorganization and Broken Windows Perspectives
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Term
Chapter 6. Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Introduction
Development of Differential Association Theory
Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Social Structure and Social Learning
Application of Differential Association and Social Learning
Critiques of Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Dating Violence
Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Social Learning Perspective
Global Perspectives on Testing Differential Association and Social Learning Theories Outside the United States
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 7. Social Control Theories of Deviance
Introduction
Development of Social Control Theory
Contemporary Additions to Social Control Theory
Application of Social Control Theories
Critiques of Social Control Theories
Global Perspectives on Deviance and Social Control Theories
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: The Cases of Teenage Homelessness and Medical Deviance by Doctors
Ideas in Action: Homeboy Industries
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 8. Labeling Theory
Introduction
Development of Labeling Theory
How the Labeling Process Works
Labeling and Mental Illness
Labeling and Delinquency
Application of Labeling Theory
Impact of Labeling Theory
Critiques of Labeling Theory
Global Perspectives on Labeling Theory
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Considering Drinking—and Not Drinking—on College Campuses
Ideas in Action: The “I Have a Dream” Foundation—Instilling Positive Labels
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 9. Marxist and Conflict Theories of Deviance
Introduction
Development of Marxist Theory
Development of Conflict Theory
Applications of Marxist and Conflict Theories
Critiques of Marxist and Conflict Theories
Global Perspectives on Deviance and Marxist/Conflict Theories
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Human Trafficking: Crossing Boundaries and Borders
Ideas in Action: What Can Be Done About Human Trafficking?
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 10. Critical Theories of Deviance
Introduction
Development of Feminist Criminology
Development of Critical Race Theory
Development of Peacemaking
Critiques of Critical Theories
Global Perspectives on Deviance and Critical Theories
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: The Cases of Pornography and Illegal Governmental Surveillance
Ideas in Action: Navajo Peacemaking and Domestic Violence
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 11. Societal Responses to Deviance
Introduction
Medicalization of Deviant Behavior
Policing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and Communities
Total Institutions
Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment
Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment
Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution
Public Fear and Social Control: The Case of Sex Offenders
Collateral Consequences: Effects on Communities and Families
Global Perspectives on the Social Control of Deviance
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Considering How Money Can Matter in Local Jails
Ideas in Action: College Programs in Prisons
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Chapter 12. Deviant Careers and Career Deviance
Introduction
Development of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance Approach
Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career
Risk and Protective Factors for Onset
Escalation, Persistence, and Specialization in Deviance
Sex Offenders: Generalists or Specialists?
The Case of Drinking and Driving
Summary of Career Deviance: Specialists or Generalists?
Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance
Explaining Deviance in the Streets and Deviance in the Suites: Street Prostitutes Versus Elite Prostitutes
Global Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career Deviance
Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Career Deviance and Deviant Career Perspective
Conclusion
Exercises and Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Glossary
References and Additional Reading
Index