International Law and the Rule of Law under Extreme Conditions (eBook)

Cover 1
Preface 4
Table of Contents 14
Eli M. Salzberger: The Rule of Law Under Extreme Conditions and International Law: Introductory Notes 18
A. The Rule of Law in International Law, or the Rule of Law in the International Arena 19
I. The rule of law in the context of the state 19
II. The rule of law in the international arena 22
B. The Rule of Law and Extreme Conditions: National Law and International Law 25
I. The rule of law under extreme conditions and the theory of the state 25
II. The normative (economic) theory of the state - foundations 26
III. The normative (economic) theory of the state – implementation I: representative democracy 28
IV. The normative (economic) theory of the state – implementation II – the structure of government 31
V. The rule of law under extreme conditions in the international arena or in international law 38
C. Extreme Conditions as Affecting the Rule of Law 40
I. Characterizing extreme conditions: national law and international law 40
II. A possible concept of the rule of law and extreme conditions 44
III. A Law and Economics approach to the rule of law under extreme conditions: A methodological note 46
IV. Models of the rule of law under extreme conditions in the literature 49
Ex-ante models 49
During models 53
Ex-post models 56
D. Conclusion 59
References 61
Hans-Joachim Heintze: Sovereignty and the “Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters” 66
A. Framework of the Codification by the International Law Commission (ILC) 68
B. Challenge of the ‘sovereignty’ concept and politicization 70
C. Right to humanitarian assistance 74
D. ILC Draft Articles 77
I. The R2P issue 78
II. Definition 79
III. Cooperation 79
IV. Principles of protection 80
1. Responsibility of the affected State 81
2. Duty to seek assistance 82
3. External assistance 83
E. Conclusion 83
Wolfgang Weigel: Comment on Hans-Joachim Heintze 86
A. Overview 86
B. A Critical Appraisal 87
Bibliography 91
Bulbul Khaitan: Discussion on Hans-Joachim Heintze 92
Peter Lewisch: International Catastrophes – an Obligation to Cooperate? 94
A. Introduction 94
B. Analytical part 96
I. Consent, lack of consent and “assumed consent” 96
II. External effects 99
III. Principal-Agent-Relationship 100
IV. Obligation to actively provide assistance? 101
C. Duty to cooperate under international law? 102
I. Introduction 102
II. Overview of legal instruments 103
III. Current developments: Issues under International Law 103
1. Definition of “Disaster” 103
2. The tension between sovereignty rights and the obligation to cooperate with regard to outside assistance 104
a) Duty to accept assistance in case of disaster? 104
b) Duty to provide requested assistance? 106
IV. The work by the International Law Commission: Draft Articles on the “Protection of persons in the event of disasters” 107
1. Goals, scope, and general framework 107
2. Basic principles (international cooperation, rights-based approach) 110
3. Sovereignty rights and tasks versus responsibility to protect 112
a) Overview 112
b) The affected state’s protective task and duties vis-à-vis recourse to external assistance 112
c) External assistance and the affected state’s (required) consent 116
4. Ancillary provisions 118
5. Current status and outlook 120
Bibliography 120
Matthias Lemke: Comment on Peter Lewisch 122
A. What we know 123
B. Issues still to be addressed 125
C. Concluding remark 128
Bibliography 128
Katharina Pfaff: Discussion on Peter Lewisch 130
Hans-Heinrich Trute: How to Deal with Pandemics 132
A. Pandemics: A global governance problem 132
I. International health law: A long tradition 132
II. What is a pandemic? 134
III. The importance of knowledge, institutions and international cooperation 135
1. The importance of knowledge 135
2. The institutionalization of a surveillance scheme 137
3. Uncertainty as part of the scheme 138
4. Inequalities: The gap between developing and developed countries and between rich and poor 139
B. The legal design of the administrative network: the international dimension 140
1. The constitution of the WHO 142
2. The International Health Regulations (2005): The basic legal frame 142
3. The establishment of a public health network 144
4. National IHR Focal Points 144
5. Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) 145
6. Notification, assessment and information 146
7. Using other sources of knowledge 147
8. Temporary recommendations 148
I. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework (PIP): A new approach 148
1. GISRS 150
2. The benefit sharing system 151
3. Inclusion of third parties 153
4. Governance aspects 154
II. Non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical measures 154
C. The European dimension: surveillance, assistance and advice 159
I. Networks of surveillance, alert and response 160
II. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 161
III. Adaption of the frame 162
D. The national system: Germany as an example 163
I. The legislative and administrative design in Germany 163
1. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) 164
2. The responsibility of the federal states 164
3. Coordination by emergency plans 165
II. The architecture according to the IfSG 166
1. Emphasis on cooperation 166
2. Surveillance and notification 167
3. Possible measures to be taken 167
a) Measures of prevention 167
b) The importance of vaccination 169
c) Protective measures 170
E. Conclusions 171
Bibliography 172
Andreas Nicklisch: Comment on Hans-Heinrich Trute 178
A. Social Dilemma 178
B. Stimulating Cooperation 179
C. Sanctions 179
D. Conclusions 180
Bibliography 180
Felix Hadwiger / Ines Reith: Discussion on Hans-Heinrich Trute 182
Thilo Marauhn: An Analysis of International Law Applicable to the Use of Drones 184
A. Introduction: Debates and Terminology 185
I. Public Debates and Their Challenges 185
II. Drones – their Terminological Setting in Public International Law 187
B. Situations 189
I. Situations of Public Emergency – Derogating From Human Rights 189
II. Non-International Armed Conflicts 191
III. International Armed Conflicts 193
C. Rules 194
I. Drones in International Armed Conflict Situations 194
II. The Use of Drones in Non-International Armed Conflict 197
III. The Use of Drones Outside Armed Conflicts 199
D. Compliance 200
E. Conclusion 201
Amnon Reichman: Comment on Thilo Marauhn 202
Agnes Strauß: Discussion on Thilo Marauhn 208
Heike Krieger: Conceptualizing Cyberwar: Changing the Law by Imagining Extreme Conditions? 212
A. Introduction 212
B. The Paradigm Change in Security Policy and the Need to “Hype Cyberwar” 214
C. Impact on the Legal Discourse on the Use of Force 216
I. Increasing Interpretative Insecurities 217
II. Legitimizing the Use of Force 219
1. The Problem of Countermeasures 219
2. The Problem of Attribution 221
D. Impact on the Human Rights Discourse 223
E. The Way Ahead 226
Bibliography 227
Jerg Gutmann: Comment on Heike Krieger 230
A. Introduction 230
B. Is Cyberwar Different? 231
C. The Economic Point of View 232
D. Conclusion 233
Bibliography 233
Mariia Parubets / Junjie Zheng: Discussion on Heike Krieger 236
Tim Krieger / Daniel Meierrieks: How to Deal with International Terrorism 240
A. The Terrorist Challenge to the Rule of Law and to International Law 240
B. Defining and Modeling International Terrorism: The Rational-Choice Approach 242
C. Implications of the Rational-Choice Model for Counter-Terrorism Policies 249
D. International Policy Coordination 253
E. Learning from 9/11: An Evaluation of Cost-Raising Counter-Terrorism Policies 255
F. Improving the Environment in Terrorism-Exporting Countries 261
G. Conclusions 262
Bibliography 263
Stefan Oeter: Comment on Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks 266
A. General Frame 266
B. Definition of Terrorism and the Challenge of Modeling the ‘Rationality’ of Terrorist Actors 268
C. Modes of Reaction 271
D. Criminal Justice and International Cooperation in Police and Justice Matters as the Primary Level of Response 273
E. The Temptation of Revenge: Military Reactions to Transnational Terrorism and the Risks of the ‘War on Terror’ 275
F. Conclusions 278
Bibliography 280
Marek Endrich: Discussion on Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks 282
Martina Caroni: Legitimate, but Illegal? From Humanitarian Intervention to Responsibility to Protect and Beyond 284
A. Introduction 284
B. The Era of Classical International Law 285
C. Transition to Modern International Law 285
D. Humanitarian Intervention 285
E. Development of Responsibility to Protect 287
F. Further Development and Current Status of Responsibility to Protect 291
G. All’s Well that Ends Well? 295
I. SC Resolution 1973 did not break new ground 295
II. Third Pillar of R2P not acknowledged in SC Resolution 1973 295
III. Abuse of Power by the Allied Forces in Libya? 296
IV. Veto power vs. R2P’s Third Pillar: The Case of Syria 296
H. Conclusion: How to Make the Third Pillar Operational? 296
Bibliography 297
Gad Barzilai: Comment on Martina Caroni 300
Bulbul Khaitan: Discussion on Martina Caroni 306
Roland Vaubel: The Breakdown of the Rule of Law in the Euro-Crisis: Implications for the Reform of the Court of Justice of the European Union 308
A. Introduction 308
B. The breakdown of the rule of law in the wake of the European sovereign debt crisis 308
I. The bailout 308
II. Conditionality 310
III. Macroeconomic policy co-ordination 311
IV. The purchase of government bonds by the European Central Bank 312
V. The supervision of Euro area banks by the ECB 315
VI. Transparency at the ECB 316
VII. Explaining the breakdown of the rule of law 316
C. Reforming the Court of Justice of the European Union 317
I. The status quo 317
II. Explaining the Court’s centralizing bias 318
III. Reforming the CJEU 320
Bibliography 322
Martin Nettesheim: Comment on Roland Vaubel 326
I. 327
II. 328
III. 329
Michael Fehling: Comment on Roland Vaubel 332
A. Introduction 332
B. Rule of law and law interpretation on European level 332
I. The rule of law as a cornerstone of the European legal architecture 333
II. A more complex view on law interpretation 333
III. Changing law interpretation in the light of a severe (economic) crisis? 335
C. Reform of the European Court of Justice 336
I. The problem of centralization bias in historic perspective 336
II. Convincing and less convincing reform proposals 337
D. Concluding remarks 339
Bibliography 340
Kevin Dünisch: Discussion on Roland Vaubel 342
August Reinisch: Rules for an Orderly Insolvency of States? 344
A. Introduction 344
B. Ignoring the Problem 345
C. Triggering Enforcement Action 345
D. Seeking Negotiated Solutions 350
E. New Rules for an Orderly Insolvency of Sovereign States 353
I. The Preferred Treaty Solution 356
1. Protection of the fulfilment of core governmental tasks of the sovereigndebtor 356
2. Reduction of the total outstanding debt burden 357
3. Equal treatment of creditors 357
II. The Binding Effect of the Treaty Solution 358
F. Conclusions 362
Hans-Bernd Schäfer: Comment on August Reinisch 364
A. Can collective action clauses substitute for a sovereign insolvency procedure under public international law? 365
B. The emergence of a bankruptcy procedure in the Euro-zone 366
Felix Hadwiger / Ines Reith: Discussion on August Reinisch 368
Short Biographies 372
Index 378