Accelerating E-Mobility in Germany (eBook)

Acknowledgement 7
Contents 8
Abbreviations 11
List of Figures 12
List of Tables 13
1 Electromobility—The Current State 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Legal Framework 15
1.2.1 National Measures 15
1.2.2 European Measures 17
1.2.2.1 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 17
1.2.2.2 Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources 18
1.2.2.3 Improving Energy Efficiency 19
1.3 Advantages of E-Vehicles 21
1.4 Problem Description 22
1.4.1 Conclusion of Contract with the Charging Station Operator 23
1.4.2 No Free Choice of Energy Supplier 24
1.4.3 Excessive Pricing 24
1.4.4 Lack of Charging Infrastructure 24
1.4.5 Approach to a Solution 24
References 24
2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG 27
2.1 The Benefits for the End Consumer 27
2.2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG 28
2.2.1 A Brief History 28
2.2.2 The Basic Structure of Energy Supply in the EnWG 32
2.3 The Public Charging Station in the System of the EnWG 33
2.3.1 Publicly Accessible Charging Station 33
2.3.2 Rightful Claimant 34
2.3.3 Obligated Party 34
2.3.3.1 Direct Line 35
2.3.3.2 Closed Distribution System 36
2.3.3.3 Customer Facility 36
2.3.3.4 Facility Sui Generis 37
2.3.3.5 Energy Supply System 38
2.3.3.6 Discussion: The Legislative Purpose 40
Supply of Electricity for the General Public 40
Consumer Protection 40
Effective and Genuine Competition 41
2.3.3.7 Discussion: Interpretation in Conformity with European Law 44
Applicability of Directive 2009/72/EC 44
Applicability of Directive 2009/28/EC 45
Applicability of Directive 2012/27/EU 45
Applicability of Directive 2014/94/EU 46
2.3.3.8 Interim Result 48
2.3.4 Balancing Group 48
2.3.5 No Grounds for Refusal 48
2.3.6 Result 51
2.3.7 Excursus: The Tesla Supercharger Network 51
References 52
3 Charging Stations as “Essential Facilities” 56
3.1 The Benefit for the Consumer 56
3.2 Network Access Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU 57
3.2.1 Dominant Position 57
3.2.1.1 Product Market 57
3.2.1.2 Geographic Market 59
3.2.1.3 Dominant Position 60
Collective Entity 60
Market Transparency 61
Coordination Discipline 62
Robustness Against the Competition 62
3.2.2 Abusive Conduct 64
3.2.2.1 New Product 64
No Otherwise Access 65
No Duplicability 66
Refusal Without Justification 68
3.3 Capability of Affecting Trade Between Member States 69
3.4 Result 69
References 70
4 Price Abuse Due to Market Dominance 72
4.1 Benefit for the Consumer 72
4.2 Price Abuse Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU 72
4.2.1 Relevant Market 72
4.2.2 Dominant Position 73
4.2.3 Abuse of the Dominant Market Position 76
4.2.3.1 Abusive Pricing 76
Comparable Market Concept 76
Price-Cost-Analysis 77
Substantial Markup 79
Objective Justification 80
Interim Result 80
4.2.3.2 Price Discrimination Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU 81
Exclusionary Conduct Against Charging Station Operators 81
Exclusionary Conduct Against Roaming Partners 82
References 83
5 Insufficient Expansion of Charging Stations 85
5.1 Benefit for the Final Consumer 85
5.2 Relevant Market 85
5.3 Market Failure 86
5.3.1 Current Expansion of the Charging Station Network 86
5.3.2 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Current State 88
5.3.3 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Development Plan 89
5.3.4 Interim Result 90
5.4 Possible Reasons for the Lack of Expansion 90
5.4.1 High Fixed Costs 90
5.4.2 Economies of Scope 92
5.4.3 Chicken-and-Egg-Problem 92
5.4.4 Low Number of Available Public Places 93
5.4.5 Interim Result 93
5.5 Appropriate Measures 94
5.5.1 Self-healing Powers of the Market 94
5.5.2 Public Sponsorship 94
5.5.3 Public Responsibility 95
5.5.4 Regulation 95
5.5.5 Discussion 95
5.6 Result 96
References 96
6 Summary and Proposals 99
6.1 Summary 99
6.2 Proposals 101
6.2.1 Legal Classification of the Charging Station 101
6.2.2 Charging Station as an Allowable Asset Pursuant to the StromNEV 101
6.2.3 Structure of the Electricity Distribution Systems 101
6.2.4 Abolishing the Billing Fee 102
6.3 Closing Remarks 102
References 103
Annex A—Overview Operators of Charging Stations 104
Annex B—Cost Calculation 106