OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation Employment and Skills Strategies in Poland (eBook)
120 Seiten
OECD Publishing (Verlag)
978-92-64-25652-1 (ISBN)
With the rising economic importance of human resources and skills, employment and training agencies are often expected to play a more important role in local strategies to support new job creation, facilitate restructuring and increase productivity. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed a series of reviews on Local Job Creation to examine the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment and enhancing productivity. For Poland, the review has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in employment and skills policies, focusing on local strategies in the city of Pozna? and the Radomski sub-region.
With the rising economic importance of human resources and skills, employment and training agencies are often expected to play a more important role in local strategies to support new job creation, facilitate restructuring and increase productivity. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed a series of reviews on Local Job Creation to examine the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment and enhancing productivity. For Poland, the review has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in employment and skills policies, focusing on local strategies in the city of Poznan and the Radomski sub-region.
Preface 5
Foreword 6
Table of contents 7
Reader’s guide 10
Box 1. Summary of the OECD LEED Local Job Creation Project Methodology 10
Local Job Creation Dashboard 11
Box 2. Local Job Creation Dashboard 11
The approach for Poland 11
References 12
Abbreviations and acronyms 13
Executive summary 15
Chapter 1.
17
Economic and labour market trends 18
Figure 1.1. GDP growth rate, OECD and Poland, 2006-14 18
Overview of employment policies and programmes 19
Overview of vocational education and training policies 23
Box 1.1. Strategic perspective of VET 23
Initial vocational education and training (IVET) 24
Table 1.1. Number of students in different types of IVET (0-18 years old), Poland, 2014 24
VET for adults 25
Overview of economic development policy 26
Note 28
References 28
Chapter 2.
29
Overview of the Poznan and Radomski sub-regions 30
Local labour market 30
Figure 2.1. Registered unemployment rate, the Radomski and Poznan sub-regions in comparison to Poland, 2004-14 31
Figure 2.2. Registered unemployment rate by poviat in the Radomski sub-region, 2014 31
Figure 2.3. Structure of employed persons by economic sector, the Radomski and Poznan sub-regions in comparison to Poland, 2013 32
Education levels 33
Figure 2.4. Highest level of education achieved for the population aged 13 and over, the Radomski and Poznan sub-regions in comparison to Poland, 2011 33
Commuting patterns 34
Employment, training and education services in the case study areas 34
Figure 2.5. Number of students, Radomski and Poznan sub-regions, 2004-14 35
Balance between skills supply and demand at the sub-national level 36
Figure 2.6. Understanding the relationship between skills supply and demand 36
Box 2.1. Explaining the diagnostic tool 37
Figure 2.7a. Skills supply and demand: Sub-regions in Poland, chart, 2011 37
Figure 2.7b. Skills supply and demand: Sub-regions in Poland, map, 2011 38
Table 2.1. Overlaying skills supply and demand with other local indicators 38
References 39
Chapter 3.
41
Figure 3.1. Overview of results from Local Job Creation Dashboard 42
Theme 1: Better alignment of policy and programmes to local economic development 42
Figure 3.2. Dashboard results: Better aligning programmes and policies to local economic development 43
Flexibility in the delivery of employment and vocational training policies 42
Figure 3.3. Results of OECD survey to poviat labour offices on local flexibility in PES, 2015 43
Box 3.1. Labour Market Councils – experience and the future 50
Capacities within the employment and VET sectors 50
Figure 3.4. Expenditures for the active labour market policy (percentage of GDP), Poland, 2005-13 51
Figure 3.5. Number of registered unemployed and number of participants in labour market policy measures, Poland, 2005-13 51
Figure 3.6. Number of registered unemployed persons per each employee in the poviat labour office, Poland, 2000-14 52
Figure 3.7. The assessment of available resources for the poviat labour office, 2015 53
Box 3.2. Examples of approaches to improving VET capacities 54
Policy co-ordination, policy integration and co-operation with other sectors 55
Box 3.3. Clusters of Vocational Education as an example of mechanism supporting co-operation of VET with labour market 56
Box 3.4. Poznan Centre for Entrepreneurship Support 57
Figure 3.8. Intensity of local collaboration of poviat labour offices, Poland, 2015 59
Figure 3.9. The percentage of poviat labour offices which declare that particular type of institution have rather large or large impact on their objective and activity, Poland, 2008 60
Evidence based policy making 59
Box 3.5. Monitoring situation of the graduates of all upper secondary and higher education institutions in Poznan 61
Theme 2: Adding value through skills 63
Figure 3.10. Dashboard results: Adding value through skills 63
Flexible training open to all in a broad range of sectors 64
Figure 3.11. Participation in education and training in the four weeks prior to the survey for person aged 25-64, Mazowiecki and Wielkopolska Regions in comparison to Poland, 2001-2014 64
Box 3.6. Vocational qualifications courses in the Centre for Practical Education in Radom 66
Figure 3.12. Spending on training as a percentage of all spending on active labour market policies, Poland, 2006-15 67
Figure 3.13. Percentage of unemployed persons participating in training, Poland, 2004-13 68
Box 3.7. Voluntary Labour Corps 71
Box 3.8. “Time for Professionals” 71
Working with employers on training 72
Matching people to jobs and facilitating progression 74
Table 3.1. Average number of job offers by occupation, Poland, 2014 74
Joined up approaches to skills 77
Theme 3: Targeting policy to local employment sectors and investing in quality jobs 78
Figure 3.14. Dashboard results: Targeting policy to local employment sectors and investing in quality jobs 78
Relevance of provision of policies to important local employment sectors, global trends and challenges 78
Table 3.2. Extent to which training available locally (e.g. through PES, post-secondary schools and colleges) meets employer needs/demand for skilled workers 78
Work with employers on skills utilisation and productivity 81
Promotion of skills for entrepreneurship 82
Economic development promotes quality jobs for local people 83
Figure 3.15. Percentage of workers with temporary contracts, Poland in comparison to OECD, 2001-14 84
Box 3.9. Poznanianka social co-operative as an example of promoting social value through public funds 86
Theme 4: Being inclusive 86
Figure 3.16. Dashboard results: Being inclusive 86
Employment and training programmes are geared to local “at-risk” groups 86
Table 3.3. Percentage of poviat labour offices that reported specific employment programmes are delivered that meet the needs of local disadvantaged groups, 2015 87
Figure 3.17. Comparison of the structure of unemployed persons participating in training programmes and all registered unemployed according to level of education in Poznan and Poznanski County, 2014 88
Figure 3.18. Comparison of the structure of unemployed persons participating in training programmes and all registered unemployed according to age in Poznan and Poznanski County, 2014 88
Figure 3.19. Number of registered social co-operatives, Poland, 2002-14 89
Childcare and family friendly policies to support women’s participation in employment 91
Figure 3.20. Percentage of children aged 3-5 years old participating in childcare services, Radomski and Poznan sub-regions in comparison to Poland, 2003-14 91
Table 3.4. Percentage of children enrolled in childcare, by selected regions and sub-regions in Poland, 2013 92
Tackling youth unemployment 92
Figure 3.21. Percentage of the young people neither in employment nor in education and training by age, Poland compared to European Union and OECD, 2014 93
Openness to immigration 94
Notes 95
References 95
Chapter 4.
99
Better aligning programmes and policies to local economic development 100
Box 4.1. Performance management in other countries 101
Box 4.2. Approaches to Building Local Level Capacities 103
Box 4.3. The Workforce Intelligence Network, Michigan, US 105
Adding value through skills 106
Box 4.4. Programme Advisory Committees in Ontario, Canada’s Community Colleges 107
Box 4.5. Telkkä programme in Finland 108
Box 4.6. Examples of different approaches to improving adult literacy and numeracy 109
Targeting policy to local employment sectors and investing in quality jobs 110
Box 4.7. Finland’s workplace innovation programme 111
Box 4.8. Sectors, skills and quality jobs 112
Box 4.9. Using public procurement for social inclusion, city of Most, Czech Republic 114
Being inclusive 114
References 116
Appendix A.
119
Section 1: Local collaboration 119
Section 2: Working with employers 119
Section 3: Targeting disadvantaged groups 120
Section 4: Adjusting programmes to regional and local needs 120
Chapter 2. Overview of the Polish case study areas
To better understand the role of the local level in contributing to job creation and productivity, this OECD review examined local activities in two Polish sub-regions: the city of Poznań and the Radomski sub-region. This chapter provides a labour market and economic overview of each region as well as the results from an OECD LEED statistical tool which looks at the relationship between skills supply and demand at the sub-regional level.
Overview of the Poznań and Radomski sub-regions
In-depth fieldwork for this study was undertaken in two sub-regions in Poland: the city of Poznań and the Radomski sub-region. These two areas were selected after consultation between the OECD and the government, based on their contrasting economic and labour market characteristics. The sub-region category in Poland falls between the voivodeship (regional) and poviat (county) level. It is used only for statistical purposes and usually does not correspond to administrative units.
The Poznań sub-region is in the western part of Poland, and strictly corresponds to the administrative borders of the city of Poznań, thus containing only one local authority. It is a capital of the Wielkopolska province, as well as one of Poland’s largest cities. This sub-region is populated by 550 000 people. While the sub-region corresponds only to the urban area comprised of the city of Poznań, its functional economic area also includes the surrounding municipalities in the area around the city of Poznań, which themselves form the Poznański sub-region. Although the analysis focussed on the city of Poznań, the Poznański sub-region is also taken into consideration in many cases, as both together make up a local travel-to-work area.
Poznań lies between the capitals of two neighbouring countries: Warsaw and Berlin. It is thus one of the main logistical centres in Poland and plays an important part in the trade flow between western and eastern Europe.
The Radomski sub-region is part of Mazowsze, the largest voivodeship in Poland. The Radomski sub-region has 620 000 people. The Radomski sub-region includes both rural and urban areas, with about half of its population living in urban areas. The main city of the sub-region is Radom, with 217 000 residents. The sub-region also contains 6 other municipalities (gmina) with their own local governments.
The sub-region is located about 100 km south of Warsaw, the capital of Poland, where most of Poland’s economic activities are concentrated. The economic and labour market situation in Radom has been rather difficult for many years, especially in comparison to the situation in Warsaw. Radom and the neighbouring poviats, with a traditional industrial economy, were heavily impacted by the transformation process and collapse of the industrial economy.
Local labour market
There is a significant difference between the two sub-regions. Poznań has one of the better performing local labour markets, with an unemployment rate significantly below the Polish average, while the unemployment rate in the Radomski sub-region is one of the highest in Poland.
Source: Central Statistical Office, Local Data Bank, https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/temat.
The structure of unemployment also differs. In the Radomski sub-region, the probability of leaving the ranks of the unemployed is significantly lower than in Poznań: in 2014, the share of long-term unemployed persons among all the unemployed was 51% in the Radomski sub-region and 36% in Poznań.
Looking below the sub-regional level, the situation within the Radomski sub-region is varied. It contains the Szydłowiecki county (poviat), with highest unemployment rate in Poland as well as the Białobrzeski county, with an unemployment rate 20 percentage points lower than in the Szydłowiecki county (however still higher than the average for Poland).
Source: Central Statistical Office, Local Data Bank, https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/temat.
The recent economic crisis impacted both sub-regions (with an increase in unemployment and a slowdown of economic growth), but did not significantly change the situation of both labour markets. As discussed in Chapter 1, Poland managed to emerge from the crisis without experiencing a severe economic recession and without serious impact to the labour market. In Poznań, for example, the number of employed persons between 2008 and 2013 increased by 1%.
The structure of the economy and employment of both sub-regions also differ significantly. The structure of employment in Poznań is typical of urban areas, with almost 80% of employment in services, with considerable diversity in the types of jobs available (public and private sectors; high- and low-skilled; larger, international enterprises and local businesses). Twenty percent of employed people work in industry and construction. The structure of the economy in Poznań has been changing in recent years, with decreasing numbers of jobs in industry and an increasing number of white collar jobs, especially in such sectors as information and communications, financial and insurance activities, professional, scientific and technical activities, administrative and support service activities, and public administration, with an accompanying high demand for well-educated professionals. There are at least two branches of services developing very rapidly: services for business and logistics.
It should be emphasised that the structure of the Polish economy significantly changed in the 1990s. In 1988, according to the census, 42% of employed person worked in industry and construction, and Poznań was one of the centres of industry in Poland. While Poznań is still an important industrial centre in Poland, jobs in industry have moved outside of the city. Between 2005 and 2013, the number of persons employed in industry and construction in Poznań declined by almost 20%, while in the same period, the number of employed persons in industry and construction increased by 17% in the Poznański sub-region (districts surrounding the city of Poznań), accounting for over 40% of all persons in employment. This clearly shows the importance of considering Poznań and the surrounding sub-region in tandem because of their strong economic and social connections. However, their labour markets differ significantly: Poznań has become a centre of professional services, while the most important economic sectors for employment in the surrounding districts are industry, construction, trade, storage, and agriculture.
Source: Central Statistical Office, Local Data Bank, https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/temat.
The structure of the economy and labour market in the Radomski sub-region is more typical of urban-rural areas. In less developed areas, there is a very high share of employment in agriculture. One third of employment is in the agricultural sector, which is almost twice the national average, while there is a relatively small share of employment in the service sector. The economic transformation during the 1990s caused a significant reduction of employment, many closures of industrial enterprises and the rapid growth of unemployment, which continues to persist. Unlike in Poznań, the service sector was unable to absorb as many people who lost their jobs. The city of Radom is the most important centre of the sub-region, in terms of the economy and labour market. Thus, the fall of industry in Radom also impacted the other cities in the Radomski sub-region.
However, recent years have brought about a slow economic rebirth of the sub-region. The fastest developing sector of economy, in terms of the number of employed, are services (trade, vehicle repairs, storage, accommodations and catering, information and communications). Between 2005 and 2013, the number of employed people in services increased by 27%. However, this sector has a sizeable share of low quality jobs, which are low-paid, often temporary, and characterised by non-standard work contracts.
At the same time, the number of employed persons in industry and construction increased by 8%. Industrial enterprises concentrate in Radom, but they are also located in Kozienice (the site of one of the most innovative power stations) and the Radomski poviat (surrounding Radom).
Education levels
The two sub-regions selected for in-depth analyses differ significantly in terms of the level of education. The most detailed data comes from the latest census (2011). In Poznań, 30% of the population aged 13 and older has completed tertiary education, while in the Radomski sub-region, only 15% of the population achieved such a level of education. The Radomski sub-region has a much larger share of its population with the lowest level of education – primary and lower secondary.
The structure of education in the Radomski sub-region is influenced by the situation in rural areas, which is usually worse than in urban areas. However, the differences are also substantial between the cities of Radom and Poznań, which are both relatively urban areas.
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 12.7.2016 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Recht / Steuern ► Arbeits- / Sozialrecht ► Sozialrecht |
| Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht | |
| Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre ► Makroökonomie | |
| ISBN-10 | 92-64-25652-0 / 9264256520 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-92-64-25652-1 / 9789264256521 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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