Clean Water Handbook

Duke McCall is a partner at Morgan Lewis. His practice focuses on environmental law and complex litigation. He represents clients in contribution actions, enforcement proceedings, citizen suits, toxic tort litigation, and regulatory matters, including actions brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund), the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and analogous state laws.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Brief History of the CWA
1.3 Clean Water Act Goals and Policies
1.4 Elements of the CWA
1.5 The Discharge Prohibition
1.5.1 Addition
1.5.2 Pollutant
1.5.3 Point Source
1.5.4 Navigable Waters (‘‘Waters of the United States’’)
1.6 Overview of this Handbook
CHAPTER 2 THE NPDES PERMIT PROGRAM
2.1 What Is an NPDES Permit
2.2 What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit
2.3 State and Federal Roles
2.4 The Permit Process
2.4.1 The Permit Application
2.4.2 The Draft Permit and Comment Period
2.4.3 Appealing the Final Permit Decision
2.5 NPDES Permit Conditions
2.6 Monitoring Requirements
2.7 Reporting Requirements
CHAPTER 3 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Forms of Permit Limitations
3.3 Technology-Based Limitations
3.3.1 BPT
3.3.2 BAT
3.3.3 BCT
3.3.4 NSPS
3.3.5 Variances
3.4 Water Quality–Based Limitations
3.4.1 Water Quality Standards
3.4.2 Translating Standards into Chemical-Specific Permit Limitations
3.4.2.1 Total Maximum Daily Loads
3.4.2.2 Pollutant Trading
3.4.2.3 Watershed Permits
3.5 Toxicity-Based Limitations
3.6 Biological Criteria
3.7 Nutrient Criteria
CHAPTER 4 WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY CONTROL
4.1 Background
4.2 When are WET Limitations Required?
4.3 WET-Based Permit Limitations
4.3.1 Types of Limitations
4.3.2 Elements of WET Testing
4.3.2.1 Test Organism
4.3.2.2 Dilution Water
4.3.2.3 Testing Frequency
4.3.2.4 Flow-through v. Static and Renewal Tests
4.3.2.5 Effluent Concentrations
4.3.2.6 On-Site v. Off-Site Testing
4.3.2.7 Grab v. Composite Sampling
4.3.2.8 Acute-to-Chronic Ratio
4.3.3 WET Permit Requirements
4.3.4 Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluations
CHAPTER 5 STORM-WATER DISCHARGES
5.1 The Storm-Water Program
5.2 The Storm-Water Permit Process
5.2.1 General Permits
5.2.2 Individual Stormwater Permits
5.2.3 Storm-Water Management Plans and Pollution Prevention Plans
CHAPTER 6 OTHER TYPES OF DISCHARGES
6.1 Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows
6.2 Thermal Discharges
6.3 Ocean Discharges
CHAPTER 7 THE PRETREATMENT PROGRAM
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pretreatment Standards
7.2.1 National General Prohibitions
7.2.2 National Specific Prohibitions
7.3 National Categorical Standards
7.4 Local Limits
7.5 Pretreatment Program Enforcement
CHAPTER 8 NONPOINT-SOURCE DISCHARGES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Section 319 Program
8.3 Coastal Zone Management Program
8.4 National Estuary Program
CHAPTER 9 DREDGE AND FILL PERMITS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Waters Within the Scope of the Program
9.3 Covered Activities
9.4 Individual Permits
9.5 The Mitigation Policy
9.6 Nationwide Permits
9.7 Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program
CHAPTER 10 PREVENTING, REPORTING, AND RESPONDING TO SPILLS
10.1 Spill Prevention
10.1.1 SPCC Plans
10.1.2 Facility Response Plans
10.2 Spill Notification
10.3 Spill Response and Liability
CHAPTER 11 ENFORCEMENT
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Federal and State Roles
11.2 Enforcement Theories
11.3 Defenses
11.3.1 Upset
11.3.2 Bypass
11.3.3 Permit-as-a-Shield
11.4 Enforcement Options
11.5 Administrative Order
11.6 Civil Judicial Enforcement
11.7 Criminal Enforcement
11.8 Citizen Suits
RESEARCH SOURCES
NOTES