User's Guide to Copyright (eBook)

Front Cover 1
A User's Guide to Copyright 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Dedication 6
Preface 8
Table of incidents of copyright 12
Part 1: Copyright law generally 18
Chapter 1. The nature of copyright 20
1.01 How to use this book 20
1.02 The basic rules of copyright 21
1.03 The nature of copyright 23
1.04 Intellectual property and copyright 24
1.05 The copyright statutes 25
1.06 Statutory instruments 25
1.07 Orders in council 25
1.08 International conventions 25
1.09 Case law 25
1.10 Passing off and breach of confidence 25
1.11 The history of copyright law 26
1.12 The structure of the Copyright Act 1956 26
Chapter 2. Copyright works 28
2.01 Introduction 28
2.02 Literary, dramatic and musical works 28
2.03 Literary works 29
2.04 Dramatic works 29
2.05 Musical works 30
2-06 Artistic works 30
2.07 Drawings 31
2.08 Sound recordings 31
2.09 Cinematograph films 31
2.10 Television broadcasts 31
2.11 Published editions of works 32
2.12 Conclusion 32
2.13 Industrial designs 33
Chapter 3. Originality 34
3.01 Generally 34
3.02 Titles 35
3.03 Abridgments and arrangements 35
3.04 Simultaneous production 35
3.05 Photographs 35
3.06 Identical subject matter 35
Chapter 4. Qualified persons and material form 37
4.01 Qualified persons 37
4.02 Broadcasts 37
4.03 Definitions 37
4.04 Application overseas 38
4.05 Material form 38
4.06 Meaning of 'Made' 38
4.07 Sound recordings 38
4.08 Artistic works 39
4.09 Cinematograph films 39
4.10 Maker must be a qualified person 39
4.11 'Made' — dramatic works 39
4.12 'Made' — literary works 40
4.13 'Made' — sound recordings 41
4.14 Works not in material form 41
4.15 Real life events 41
4.16 Lectures 42
4.17 Recording of work not in material form 42
Chapter 5. Passing off and breach of confidence 44
5.01 Breach of confidence — essential elements 44
5.02 Confidential information 44
5.03 Information acquired by employees 44
5.04 Confidential relationship 45
5.05 Imparting confidential information 46
5.06 Passing off 46
5.07 Elements of passing off 46
5.08 Examples of successful passing off actions 47
5.09 Examples of unsuccessful passing off actions 47
5.10 Titles 48
5.11 Dramatic sketches 48
Chapter 6. Publication 49
6.01 Copyright not dependent upon publication 49
6.02 Subsistence of copyright in published works 49
6.03 The meaning of publication 49
6.04 Acts not constituting publication 50
6.05 Term of copyright and publication 50
6.06 Publication of foreign works 50
Chapter 7. Term of copyright 51
7.01 Introduction 51
7.02 Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 51
7.03 Sound recordings 51
7.04 Cinematograph films 51
7.05 Television and sound broadcasts 52
7.06 Published editions 52
7.07 Photographs 52
7.08 Posthumous literary, dramatic and musical works 52
7.09 Anonymous and pseudonymous works 53
7.10 Joint works 53
7.11 Works belonging to the Grown and government departments 53
Chapter 8. The restricted acts 55
8.01 Introduction 55
8.02 Literary, dramatic and musical works 55
8.03 Artistic works 55
8.04 Sound recordings 56
8.05 Cinematograph films 56
8.06 Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts 56
8.07 Published editions of works 56
8.08 Adaptations 56
8.09 Subscribers to a diffusion service 57
Chapter 9. Infringement of copyright 58
9.01 Infringement must be of a restricted act 58
9.02 Work infringed must be a copyright work 58
9.03 Causal connection 59
9.04 Intention to infringe 59
9.05 Use of ideas 59
9.06 Parodies 59
9.07 Substantial part of work must be infringed 60
9.08 Proof of damages unnecessary 60
9.09 Innocent infringement 60
9.10 Restricted acts in addition to copying 61
9.11 Liability for infringement 61
9.12 When knowledge of infringement required 62
9.13 Remedies for infringement 62
9.14 Exemplary damages 62
9.15 Delivery of infringing articles 63
9.16 Who may sue 63
9.17 Technical provisions concerning plaintiffs and defendants in civil actions omitted 63
9.18 Summary proceedings 63
9.19 Penalties in summary proceedings 64
9.20 Knowledge of offence required 64
Chapter 10. Exceptions and defences to copyright actions 65
10.01 Principal exceptions 65
10.02 Relevant sections of the Act 65
10.03 Fair dealings 66
10.04 Substantial use in relation to fair dealing 66
10.05 Motive relevant to fair dealing 67
10.06 No fair dealing with unpublished works 67
10.07 Readings in public 67
10.08 Sufficient acknowledgement 67
10.09 Sound recordings, films and broadcasts 67
10.10 Judicial proceedings 68
Chapter 11. The ownership, transmission and licensing of copyright 69
11.01 Distinction between copyright and objects 69
11.02 Ownership rules for works differ from ownership rules for subject matter 69
11.03 Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 69
11.04 Works created in the course of employment 70
11.05 Contracts of service 70
11.06 Assignment by terms of employment 71
11.07 Commissioned works 71
11.08 Photographs 72
11.09 Sound recordings 72
11.10 Cinematograph films 73
11.11 Television and sound broadcasts 73
11.12 Published editions 73
11.13 Joint authors 73
11.14 Registration 73
11.15 Assignments and licences 74
11.16 Assignments limited to part of copyright 74
11.17 Assignments and exclusive licences must be in writing 74
11.18 Assignment of future copyright 74
11.19 Distinction between assignments and licences 74
11.20 Non-exclusive licences 75
11.21 Other forms of transmission 76
11.22 Reversion of works assigned before 1 June 1957 76
Chapter 12. International copyright 77
12.01 Introduction 77
12.02 Effect of conventions 77
12.03 Difference between the Berne Convention and the UCC 78
12.04 Copyright symbol 78
12.05 Extension of Copyright Act 78
12.06 Qualified persons 78
12.07 Summary 78
13. Performing rights, performers, mechanical rights and moral rights 80
13.01 Introduction 80
13.02 The Performing Right Society Limited 80
13.03 Public performances 81
13.04 Performers 81
13.05 Consents by performers 82
13.06 Mechanical rights 82
13.07 Moral rights 82
13.08 False attribution of authorship 83
Chapter 14. Industrial designs 85
14.01 Introduction 85
14.02 Meaning of 'Design' 85
14.03 Date of creation of design 85
14.04 Protection of registered designs 85
14.05 Period of copyright 86
14.06 Design must be novel 86
14.07 Excluded articles 86
14.08 Three-dimensional articles 87
14.09 'Applied industrially' 87
14.10 Loss of protection under Copyright Act 87
14.11 Effect of registration 88
Part 2: Copyright in use 90
Chapter 15. Publishers and printers 92
15.01 Introduction 92
15.02 Definitions 92
15.03 Ownership 93
15.04 Quotations 94
15.05 Foreign authors 94
15.06 Assignments and licences 94
15.07 Ownership of manuscripts 96
15.08 Reversionary copyright 97
15.09 Publishers agreements not covered 97
15.10 National libraries 97
15.11 Importation of books 98
15.12 International copyright protection 98
15.13 Published editions of work 98
15.14 Library copies 98
15.15 Generally 98
Chapter 16. Newspapers, magazines and periodicals 100
16.01 Introduction 100
16.02 Definitions 100
16.03 Employees' contributions 101
16.04 Freelance contributions 102
16.05 Copyright in news 102
16.06 Quotations 103
16.07 Fair dealing — reporting current events 103
16.08 Fair dealing — criticism and review 104
16.09 Pseudonyms 104
16.10 The right to edit 104
Chapter 17. Libraries 105
17.01 Introduction 105
17.02 Definitions 105
17.03 Provision of copies by libraries 106
17.04 The making of copies of articles in periodicals 106
17.05 Comments on copying conditions 106
17.06 The making of copies of literary, dramatic, or musical works other than articles from periodicals 107
17.07 Copying of records not permitted 108
17.08 Copies for other libraries 108
17.09 Copies of published editions 108
17.10 Delivery of books to museums 108
17.11 Microfilm copies for libraries 109
17.12 Publication of unpublished works kept in libraries 109
17.13 Public lending right 110
Chapter 18. Schools, universities and other educational establishments 112
18.01 Introduction 112
18.02 Definitions 113
18.03 Copying of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and published editions 113
18.04 Fair dealing 114
18.05 School performances of plays, music etc 114
18.06 Recordings made by schools 115
18.07 Performers rights 115
18.08 Blanket licences 115
18.09 Broadcasts 116
18.10 Ownership of copyright by teachers 116
18.11 Schools' collections 117
18.12 Copyright of universities and colleges 117
Chapter 19. Reprography 119
19.01 Introduction 119
19.02 Liability 120
19.03 Damages for making unauthorised copies 120
19.04 Avoidance of liability 121
19.05 Fair dealing and reprography 121
19.06 Reprography of published editions 122
19.07 Judicial proceedings 122
19.08 Reprography by libraries 122
19.09 Micro-fiche, micro-copies, etc 122
19.10 The future of reprography and copyright law 122
19.11 Copyright ownership distinct from material owner ship 123
Chapter 20 The music industry: publishers and composers and the record business 124
20.01 Introduction 124
20.02 Definitions: composers and publishers 125
20.03 Restricted acts in musical works 127
20.04 Quality and originality 128
20.05 Material form 128
20.06 Ownership 129
20.07 Performing rights 130
20.08 Mechanical rights 131
20.09 Sheet music 132
20.10 Publication of music overseas 133
20.11 Period of copyright 133
20.12 Exceptions 134
20.13 Fair dealing 134
20.15 Copyright in recordings distinguished from copyright in underlying material 135
20.16 Restricted acts in sound recordings 135
20.17 Ownership 135
20.18 Period of copyright 136
20.19 The statutory licence 137
20.20 Phonographic Performance Limited 138
20.21 Agreements with performers 138
20.22 Exceptions 138
20.23 Labelling 139
20.24 Infringement of copyright in records 139
20.25 Use of recordings by other media 139
20.26 International copyright 139
20.27 Private recordings 140
Chapter 21. Drama, ballet and opera production 143
21.01 Introduction 143
21.02 Definitions 144
21.03 Set designs, costumes, properties and the like 144
21.04 Use of existing artistic works in the theatre 146
21.05 Lighting designs 146
21.06 Designs, not ideas, have copyright 147
21.07 Plays, sketches and other live theatrical entertainments (except ballet and opera) 147
21.08 Mimes, choreography and choreology 147
21.09 Ownership 147
21.10 Adaptations of dramatic works 148
21.11 Plots 148
21.12 Use of real life incidents in the theatre 149
21.13 Improvisations 149
21.14 Theatres Act 1968 150
21.15 Opera and ballet 150
21.16 The televising, filming or broadcasting of opera, ballet and the live theatre 150
21.17 Music incorporated in live theatre productions (except ballet and opera) 151
21.18 Contracts with theatre owners 151
21.19 Agreements with authors of dramatic works 151
21.20 Points to be covered in licences of dramatic works 152
Chapter 22. Cinematograph film and television film production 154
22.01 Introduction 154
22.02 Definitions 154
22.03 The elements of the production 155
22.04 Novels, plays or other published literary or dramatic works 156
22.05 The express right to make changes both to the original work and to its title 158
22.06 Screenplays or scripts 159
22.07 Music 160
22.08 Synchronisation rights 161
22.09 Performing rights in film music 161
22.10 Use of records on soundtracks 162
22.11 Rights of performers in films 162
22.12 Filming persons other than performers 163
22-13 Copyright created by directors, producers, cinematographers, editors, etc. 164
22.14 Artwork, architecture, designs 164
22.15 Exceptions 165
22.16 Titles of films 165
22.17 The maker 166
22.18 Period of copyright 166
22.19 Publication 166
22.20 International protection and registration at the Library of Congress 167
22.21 Financing, production, and distribution agreements 167
22.21 Financing, production, and distribution agreements 167
22.22 Merchandising rights 168
22.23 Copyright ownership distinct from material ownership 168
Chapter 23. Public performance — discotheques, concert halls, cinemas, theatres, clubs, hotels,etc. 169
23.01 Introduction 169
23.02 Definitions 169
23.03 The performance of music 170
23.04 PRS licences 171
23.05 Exceptional cases where no licence is required 172
23.06 Opera and ballet 172
23.07 Division of PRS fees 173
23.08 Recorded music — PPL licences 173
23.09 Juke boxes 174
23.10 Public performances of broadcasts 174
23.11 Plays and dramatico-musical works 176
23.12 Cinemas 176
23.13 Owners and occupiers' liability 177
23.14 Performing Right Tribunal 178
23.15 Performers' rights 178
Chapter 24. Television and radio stations 181
24.01 Introduction 181
24.02 Definitions 182
24.03 Ownership of copyright in broadcasts 182
24.04 Foreign broadcasts 183
24.05 Restricted acts 183
24.06 Term of copyright 184
24.07 Live events 184
24.08 The use of other broadcasts 185
24.09 Dramatic and literary works 185
24.10 Music licences 185
24.11 Compositions still in copyright 185
24.12 Broadcasting sound recordings 186
24.13 Mechanical rights 187
24.14 Exceptions 187
24.15 Private purposes 187
24.16 The ephemeral right 188
24.17 Fair dealing 189
24.18 Broadcasts to public and paying audiences 189
24.19 Substantial part exception not applicable to television 190
24.20 Artistic works in television broadcasts 190
24.21 Public performances of records and films in broadcasts 191
24.22 Diffusion services 191
Chapter 25. Artists, photographers, art galleries andart dealers 192
25.01 Introduction 192
25.02 Definitions 192
25.03 Restricted acts 193
25.04 Infringement by reproduction 193
25.05 Reproduction of a two-dimensional work in three dimensional form 194
25.06 Exceptions 194
25.07 Galleries' condition of right of entry 195
25.08 Artistic works used in film and television broad casts 195
25.09 Artists' reserved right of reproduction 195
25.10 Term of copyright 196
25.11 Publication of artistic works 196
25.12 Ownership of copyright 196
25.13 Commissioned works 197
25.14 Ownership of photographs 197
25.15 Assignment of copyright in artistic works 197
25.16 Droit moral 198
25.17 Acknowledgement of authorship 199
25.18 International protection 199
25.19 Photographs 200
25.20 Parodies 201
Chapter 26. Architects and architecture 202
26.01 Introduction 202
26.02 Definitions 202
26.03 Cross references 203
26.04 Ownership — the Copyright Act 203
26.05 Ownership — contractual position 203
26.06 Architect's reserved right to reproduce in part 205
26.07 Building owner's right to reconstruct 205
26.08 Term of copyright 206
26.09 Restricted acts 206
26.10 Degree of reproduction for infringement 206
26.11 Television broadcasts, films, drawings, etc. of buildings 207
26.12 Publication 207
26.13 Infringing building—restriction on remedies 207
26.14 Foreign architects 208
26.15 Designs 208
Chapter 27. Advertising agencies 210
27.01 Introduction 210
27.02 Copyright protection of advertisements 210
27.03 Ownership 211
27.04 Unsolicited copyright material 213
27.05 Passing off 213
Chapter 28. Computer software and firmware 214
28.01 Introduction 214
28.02 Definitions 215
28.03 Type of work — literary and artistic works only 215
28.04 Copyright protection and originality 216
28.05 Ownership of the copyright 217
28.06 Copyright in commissioned programs 217
28.07 Ownership of output 218
28.08 'Substantial part' 218
28.09 Infringement by computer use and the storage and retrieval of information 219
28.10 Deliberate mistakes 220
28.11 International protection 221
Chapter 29. Character merchandising 222
29.01 Introduction 222
29.02 Copyright protection 223
29.03 Cartoon characters 223
29.04 Names 224
29.05 Likenesses of real people 224
29.06 Photographs 224
29.07 Three-dimensional representations 224
29.08 Passing off 224
29.09 Trade mark registration 226
29.10 Conclusion 226
Appendix 1: Relevant organisations 228
Appendix 2: Conventions and international agreements to which the UK is a party 230
Appendix 3: Countries which have adhered to the Berne convention and/or Universal Copyright Convention 231
Index 234