Principles of Project Finance -  E. R. Yescombe

Principles of Project Finance (eBook)

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2002 | 1. Auflage
344 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-051482-6 (ISBN)
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This introduction for practitioners offers a balanced view of project financing, integrating legal, contractual, scheduling, and other areas that participate in large multiparty projects, large single-asset purchases, and broad-based financing programs for fleets of assets. It mixes theories and case studies but avoids becoming too oriented toward applications in any one particular industry. It focuses on the concepts and techniques required by project finance people without being overly academic or beset by case studies. The author, who has a legal background, recognizes that some legal information is necessary, but he doesn't attempt to write a law book.

Project Finance refers to the techniques of financing projects which are dependent on cash flows for repayment, as defined by the contractual relationships within each project. By their very nature, these types of projects rely on a large number of integrated contractual arrangements for successful completion and operation. Project finance is an element within the larger field of project management. Many organizations around the world utilize project management to enable innovative processes, to plan, organize, and control strategic initiatives, to monitor enterprise performance, to analyze significant deviations, and to forecast their impact on the organization and project(s). Project management can be found in many industries today, from construction and information systems to healthcare, financial services, education, and training.

Key Features:
-A comprehensive and authoritative guide to the theory and practice of project finance.
-An international scope, covering projects in both the developed and developing worlds.
-The book describes and explains:
-Sources of project finance.
-Typical commercial contracts (such as those for construction of the project and sale of its product or services) and their impact on the project finance structure.
-Project finance risk assessment from the points of view of lenders, investors, and other project parties.
-Structuring the project finance debt.
-The key issues in negotiating a project finance debt facility.
-Extensive glossary and cross-referencing.
-No prior knowledge of project finance or financing techniques is assumed.
This introduction for practitioners offers a balanced view of project financing, integrating legal, contractual, scheduling, and other areas that participate in large multiparty projects, large single-asset purchases, and broad-based financing programs for fleets of assets. It mixes theories and case studies but avoids becoming too oriented toward applications in any one particular industry. It focuses on the concepts and techniques required by project finance people without being overly academic or beset by case studies. The author, who has a legal background, recognizes that some legal information is necessary, but he doesn't attempt to write a law book. Project Finance refers to the techniques of financing projects which are dependent on cash flows for repayment, as defined by the contractual relationships within each project. By their very nature, these types of projects rely on a large number of integrated contractual arrangements for successful completion and operation. Project finance is an element within the larger field of project management. Many organizations around the world utilize project management to enable innovative processes, to plan, organize, and control strategic initiatives, to monitor enterprise performance, to analyze significant deviations, and to forecast their impact on the organization and project(s). Project management can be found in many industries today, from construction and information systems to healthcare, financial services, education, and training. A comprehensive and authoritative guide to the theory and practice of project finance An international scope, covering projects in both the developed and developing worlds The book describes and explains: Sources of project finance Typical commercial contracts (such as those for construction of the project and sale of its product or services) and their impact on the project finance structure Project finance risk assessment from the points of view of lenders, investors, and other project parties Structuring the project finance debt The key issues in negotiating a project finance debt facility Extensive glossary and cross-referencing No prior knowledge of project finance or financing techniques is assumed

Front Cover 1
Principles of Project Finance 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
Chapter 2. What Is Project Finance? 20
§2.1 Development of Project Finance 20
§2.2 Features of Project Finance 22
§2.3 Project Finance and Privatization 24
§2.4 Project Finance and Structured Finance 26
§2.5 Why Use Project Finance? 28
Chapter 3. The Project Finance Markets 36
§3.1 Commercial Banks 37
§3.2 Bond Issues 42
§3.3 Mezzanine and Subordinated Debt 42
§3.4 Lease Finance 43
§3.5 Vendor Finance 45
§3.6 Public-Sector Finance 46
Chapter 4. Project Development and Management 48
§4.1 Sponsors and Other Investors 48
§4.2 Project Development 51
§4.3 The Role of Advisers 52
§4.4 Joint-Venture Issues 53
§4.5 The Project Company 54
§4.6 Public Procurement 57
Chapter 5. Working with Lenders 64
§5.1 Commercial Banks 64
§5.2 Bond Issues 74
§5.3 Loans versus Bonds 78
§5.4 The Roles of the Lenders’ Advisers 78
Chapter 6. Project Contracts: (1) The Project Agreement 84
§6.1 Offtake Contract 85
§6.2 Concession Agreement 94
§6.3 Term of Project Agreement 101
§6.4 Control of Project Design and Construction, Contracts, and Financing 102
§6.5 Compensation for Additional Costs 103
§6.6 Force Majeure 104
§6.7 Step-in by the Offtaker or Contracting Authority 106
§6.8 Termination of the Project Agreement 106
§6.9 Effect of Debt Refinancing or Equity Resale on the Project Agreement 115
Chapter 7. Project Contracts: (2) Ancillary Contracts 120
§7.1 EPC Contract 120
§7.2 Operation and Maintenance Contract(s) 130
§7.3 Fuel or Other Input Supply Contract 132
§7.4 Permits and Other Rights 137
§7.5 Government Support Agreement 140
§7.6 Insurance 142
§7.7 Direct Agreements 148
Chapter 8. Commercial Risks 152
§8.1 Categories of Project Finance Risk 152
§8.2 Risk Evaluation and Allocation 152
§8.3 Analysis of Commercial Risks 154
§8.4 Commercial Viability 155
§8.5 Completion Risks 156
§8.6 Environmental Risks 170
§8.7 Operating Risks 170
§8.8 Revenue Risks 175
§8.9 Input Supply Risks 185
§8.10 Force Majeure 189
§8.11 Contract Mismatch 193
§8.12 Recourse to the Sponsors 194
Chapter 9. Macroeconomic Risks 198
§9.1 Inflation 198
§9.2 Interest Rate Risks 200
§9.3 Exchange Rate Risks 210
Chapter 10. Political Risks 218
§10.1 Projects and Politics 218
§10.2 Classification of Political Risk 219
§10.3 Currency Convertibility and Transfer 220
§10.4 Expropriation 223
§10.5 War and Civil Disturbance 224
§10.6 Change of Law 224
§10.7 Quasi-political Risks 228
Chapter 11. Political Risk Guarantees, Insurance, and Finance 232
§11.1 Mitigation of Political Risks 232
§11.2 Export Credit Agencies 233
§11.3 Export Credits 234
§11.4 Untied Cover and Financing 240
§11.5 ECA Structures and Products 243
§11.6 International Financing Institutions 251
§11.7 Private-Sector Insurance 264
Chapter 12. Financial Modeling and Evaluation 266
§12.1 Model Inputs 267
§12.2 Model Outputs 268
§12.3 Macroeconomic Assumptions 268
§12.4 Project Costs and Funding 271
§12.5 Operating Revenues and Costs 274
§12.6 Loan Drawings and Debt Service 274
§12.7 Accounting and Taxation Issues 275
§12.8 Equity Returns 282
§12.9 Debt Cover Ratios 287
§12.10 The Base Case and Changes in Assumptions 292
§12.11 Sensitivity Analysis 292
§12.12 Investors’ Analysis 293
Chapter 13. Financial Structuring and Documentation 298
§13.1 Debt:Equity Ratio 299
§13.2 Debt Service 302
§13.3 Drawdown of Debt and Equity 308
§13.4 Interest Rate and Fees 312
§13.5 Control of Cash Flow 313
§13.6 Debt Prepayments and Refinancing 320
§13.7 Security 323
§13.8 Financial Close—Conditions Precedent 327
§13.9 Representations and Warranties 329
§13.10 Covenants 331
§13.11 Events of Default 334
§13.12 Waivers, Amendments, and Enforcement on Default 336
§13.13 Intercreditor Issues 338
Glossary and Abbreviations 344

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