Argumentation Methods for Artificial Intelligence in Law (eBook)

Contents 6
Introduction 9
Acknowledgements 14
Chapter 1: Informal Logic Methods for Law 16
1. Basics of Argument Diagramming 17
2. Araucaria 20
3. Legal Origins of Argument Diagramming 23
4. Argumentation Schemes 25
5. Enthymemes 29
6. Burden of Proof 31
7. Types of Dialogue 36
8. Commitment Operations in Dialogues 43
9. Legal and Everyday Argumentation 45
10. The Level of Difficulty of the Problems 46
Chapter 2: Generalizations in Legal Reasoning 50
1. The Necessity and Danger of Generalizations 51
2. The Fallacy of Hasty Generalization 54
3. Generalizations in Evidence Law 57
4. Argumentation Schemes 59
5. Analysis of the Cranberry Cask Case 63
6. Deductive and Inductive Generalizations 69
7. The Third Type of Generalization 71
8. Defeasible Generalizations and Arguments from Ignorance 78
9. Abstraction and the Defeasible Quantifier 82
10. Evaluating Argumentation Based on Generalizations 86
Chapter 3: Defeasible Reasoning in Dialogue Systems 90
1. Common Argumentation Schemes in Legal Evidence 91
2. Defeasible Arguments 93
3. Arguments Based on Case Comparison 98
4. Theories of Defeasible Reasoning 101
5. Computational Dialectics for Legal Argumentation 104
6. Formal Dialogue Systems 107
7. Lack of Knowledge Inferences 111
8. Other Argumentation Schemes in Evidence Law 118
9. Dialogue Conditions for Defeasible Arguments 123
10. The Dialectical Approach to Defeasible Arguments 125
Chapter 4: Relevance Determinations of Legal Evidence 130
1. Logical Relevance 131
2. Legal Relevance 132
3. Examples of Relevance Determinations 135
4. Determination of Relevance by Argument Extrapolation 140
5. Probative Weight and Enthymemes 144
6. Conditional Relevance 147
7. Summary of the Method 152
8. The Problem of Diagnosing Fallacies of Relevance 153
9. Legal Relevance as a Procedural Concept 156
Chapter 5: Methods Applied to Problems of Evidence 158
1. Case-Based Reasoning 159
2. Argument Diagramming and Case-Based Reasoning 162
3. Witness Testimony as Evidence 165
4. Examination 167
5. Circumstantial Evidence 172
6. Abductive Reasoning 174
7. Forensic Evidence 177
8. Character Evidence 182
9. Evaluation of Evidence 184
Chapter 6: Dialectical Explanation in AI 187
1. Systems for Explanation in Computing 188
2. Philosophical Views of Explanation 192
3. A Review of the Logic of Generalizations 197
4. Logical and Pragmatic Aspects of an Explanation 200
5. Explanation and Argument 206
6. The Pragmatics of Explanation 209
7. Evaluating Explanations as Better or Best 213
8. Different Kinds of Understanding 216
9. Understanding and the Clarifying Function 219
10. Main Features of the New Dialectical Model 222
Chapter 7: Argument Invention for Proof Preparation 227
1. Argument Invention as a Search Process 228
2. An Easy Case of Argument Invention 232
3. The Breach of Contract Case 236
4. Relevance and Invention 239
5. Building a Method of Argument Invention 244
6. Classifying and Formalizing Schemes 247
7. Studying Causal Schemes 250
8. Ten Components of Legal Argumentation 254
9. Future Problems for Research 256
10. A Procedural Model of Legal Argumentation 258
References 263
Index 274