The SAGE Handbook of Participatory Research and Inquiry

Danny Burns has worked at the Institute of Development Studies since 2010. He is a research professor and was research team leader of the Participation, Inclusion and Social Change team for 9 years. He was formerly co-director of SOLAR (Social and Organisational Learning as Action Research) at the University of the West of England and before that he worked for the University of Bristol. Danny has directed more than 25 participatory action research programmes. He is currently director of CLARISSA (Child Labour Action-Research-Innovation in South and South East Asia) a programme working on worst forms of child labour. CLARISSA is supporting 54 parallel action research processes across three countries (Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar). Danny is also co-coordinating a bottom up peace building programme in Mali which is developing a Systemic Action Research methodology. Danny’s work has focused on how to build deeply participatory and systemic processes at scale. Danny is author of two books on action research: Systemic Action Research (2007) and Navigating Complexity in International Development (2015) – with Stuart Worsley, as well as numerous articles and research papers. He has also written extensively on community development and participatory governance. Other key books include Poll Tax Rebellion (2001), The Politics of Decentralisation - Revitalisting Local Democracy (2004) – with Paul Hogget and Robin Hambleton, and Community Self-Help (2004) with Colin Williams and Jan Windebank. Jo Howard is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, where she leads the IDS Participation, Inclusion and Social Change Research Cluster, and convenes the MA programme in Power, Participation and Social Change. After working with an NGO for six years in Central America, she trained as a researcher and has worked in the UK, Latin America, Africa and Asia. She uses participatory action research methods with community groups to promote and support processes of accountability, empowerment, citizenship and inclusion; she also convenes short courses and tailored learning processes with NGOs, INGOs and government departments, to enable them to use participatory approaches, reflective practice and increase knowledge exchange. Through a focus on participatory methodologies as enablers of social justice, she has supported peer-peer and other participatory research processes in the UK, India, Ghana, Egypt, Uganda, South Africa and Nicaragua. She is a member of the editorial board of the Community Development Journal, and co-edited their special issue (2020) on ‘Intersecting inequalities and prospects for community development’. Sonia M. Ospina is Professor of Public Management and Policy at the NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, sociologist by training, and an expert in qualitative and participatory research. Her interest in dynamics of democratic governance has motivated research on social change leadership, social innovation, and public accountability in various geographical settings.  She is presently working with Indigenous women leaders in Colombia to support their leadership and develop insights about collective leadership.  Her publications include Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Conversation Across Perspectives (2012, co-edited); Social Innovation and Democratic Leadership: Communities and Social Change from Below (2017, co-authored) and a Human Relations Special Issue on Collective dimensions of leadership: Connecting theory and method (co-edited, 2020).  She co-founded an international network of leadership scholars, Co-Lead Net (2015) and the Research Center for Leadership in Action (2003), which she led until 2015. Among other service positions, she has been President of the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education (INPAE), is a member of CLAD’s Scientific Council, a Latin American UN state reform body, and a Board member of the Public Management Research Association (PMRA). Born in the U.S. to Colombian parents, Sonia grew up in urban Bogotá, and now has lived more than half her life in New York City. Her transnational and multicultural approach to life embodies her bicultural experience and her strong ties to both countries.

Volume 1
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction: Navigating the complex and dynamic landscape of participatory research and inquiry - Sonia M. Ospina, Danny Burns, & Jo Howard
Chapter 2: Challenges in the practice of participatory research and inquiry - Danny Burns, Jo Howard, & Sonia M. Ospina
Part 2: Key Influences and Foundations of Participatory Research
Chapter 3: Key Influences and Foundations of Participatory Research - Sonia M. Ospina
Chapter 4: Paulo Freire′s Influence on Participatory Action Research - Fabio C. Campos & Gary L. Anderson
Chapter 5: Tropical Empathy: Orlando Fals Borda and Participatory Action Research - Alex Pereira & Joanne Rappaport
Chapter 6: Theatre is Knowledge: Augusto Boal′s theatre of the oppressed and participatory research - Effie Makepeace
Chapter 7: Pragmatism: Linking systems, evolution, and democratization in participatory and action research - Davydd J. Greenwood
Chapter 8: Feminism and participatory research: Exploring intersectionality, relationships, and voice in participatory research from a feminist perspective - Batsheva Guy & Brittany Arthur
Chapter 9: Indigenous ways of knowing and participatory research - Fiona Cram & Anna Adcock
Chapter 10: The history, legacy and future of participatory rural appraisal  - Mariah Cannon, Tessa Lewin, & Robert Chambers
Chapter 11: Achieving scope and broad participation in participatory research: The ′dialogue democratic′ network-based approach of Björn Gustavsen - Erik Lindhult
Chapter 12: Becoming participatory: Some contributions to action research in the UK - Cathy Sharp & Ruth Balogh
Chapter 13: Towards ever more extended epistemologies: Pluriversality and decolonisation of knowledges in participatory inquiry - Patricia Carolina Gayá
Chapter 14: Action research - participative self in transformative action - Hilary Bradbury
Part 3: Critical Issues in the Practice of Participatory Research
Chapter 15: Critical Issues in the practice of participatory research - Jo Howard & Danny Burns
Chapter 16: Facilitating participatory research - Bob Dick
Chapter 17: Reflexivity and reflection in action research: ‘To locate, again, a through line to the future’ - Patta Scott-Villiers
Chapter 18: Positionality, academic research and cooperative inquiry: Lessons from participatory research with Roma - Jekatyerina Dunajeva & Violeta Vajda
Chapter 19: The fine art of getting lost: Ethics as a guide to transformative learning in participatory research - Mary Brydon-Miller, Alfredo Ortiz Aragón, & Victor J. Friedman
Chapter 20: Holding space for emotions in participatory action research: Reflections from the experiences of a youth organisation exploring PAR through creative practices - Liv Kaya Aabye, Gioel Gioacchino, & Fiammetta Wegner
Chapter 21: Power analysis for social change: Participatory learning and action - Jethro Pettit
Chapter 22: The ethics of co-production in practice: Reflections - Helen Thomas-Hughes & Morag McDermont
Chapter 23: Approaches and creative research methods with children and youth - Vicky Johnson & Andy West
Chapter 24: Don′t leave us out: Disability inclusive participatory research - why and how? - Mary Wickenden & Erika Lopez Franco
Chapter 25: Interpeace’s experience with participatory action research in contexts of active and post-conflict - Daniel Hyslop
Part 4: Methods and Tools
Part 4.1: Dialogic and Deliberative Processes
Chapter 26: Reflections on the Role of Dialogue in Participatory Research and Inquiry - Mariana de Santibañes & Sonia M. Ospina
Chapter 27: Reflections on the reflect approach and its multiple evolutions - David Archer
Chapter 28: A dialogical approach to knowledge: Grassroots experiences from the south of Mexico - Gustavo Esteva
Chapter 29: Feeling-body-thinking approach and methodologies: Towards transformations in intercultural justice - Juan Carlos Giles M.
Chapter 30: Art of Hosting frameworks and methods as participatory research - Jodi R. Sandfort & Trupti Sarode
Chapter 31: Cooperative inquiry as dialogic process - Jo Howard, Sonia M. Ospina, & Lyle Yorks
Chapter 32: Creating spaces for participatory social learning and change with young people - Barry Percy-Smith
Chapter 33: Influencing global policy processes through participatory approaches - Erika Lopez Franco & Matt Davies
Part 4.2: Digital Technologies in Participatory Research
Chapter 34: Digital affordances for participation and the participation-cube - Tony Roberts
Chapter 35: Technologies for citizen inquiry: Participatory research in online communities - Maria Aristeidou, Eileen Scanlon, & Mike Sharples
Chapter 36: Interactive radio as a participatory digital research method - Anna Colom
Chapter 37: Writing women into Wikipedia - Japleen Pasricha & Annette JE Fisher
Chapter 38: Real-time statistics: Working towards community participation with mobile data collection in Oxfam - Simone Lombardini & Emily Tomkys Valteri
Chapter 39: Participatory digital mapping as a research method - Jon Corbett, Logan Cochrane, & Yasmine Zeid
Volume 2
Part 4.3: Participatory Forms of Action Orientated Research
Chapter 40: Show me the action! Understanding action as a way of knowing in participatory research - Alfredo Ortiz Aragón & Mary Brydon-Miller
Chapter 41: Tools for action: Media research as collaborative action research - Bo Reimer
Chapter 42: Memorialab: Dialogue, memory and social healing in Basque Country - Iñigo Retolaza Eguren
Chapter 43: A participatory self-in-field inquiry method - Hanna Kurland, Victor J. Friedman, Israel Sykes, Ruth Danino Lichtenstein, & Tilda Melamed
Chapter 44: The “action” turn: People’s Praxis - Nathalis Wamba
Chapter 45: Awareness-based action research: Making systems sense and see themselves - Otto Scharmer, Eva Pomeroy, & Katrin Kaufer
Chapter 46: Storytelling as participatory research - Joanna Wheeler & Felix Bivens
Chapter 47: Community based participatory research: Embracing Praxis for transformation - Nina Wallerstein, Lorenda Belone, Ellen Burgess, Elizabeth Dickson, Lisa Gibbs, Laura Chanchien Parajon, Margareta Ramgard, Payam Sheikhattari, & Gillian Silver
Chapter 48: Research, organizing and policy change: Methods and lessons on the path from participatory action research to a right to counsel in New York City - Alexa Kasdan
Chapter 49: The role of collective analysis in generating ownership and action in Systemic Action Research - Danny Burns
Part 4.4: Visual and Performative Methods
Chapter 50: Collective becoming: Visual and performative methodologies for participatory research - Tessa Lewin & Jackie Shaw
Chapter 51: Arpilleras as participatory research - Sara Kindon, Katia Guiloff, Ximena Riquelme, Fernanda Piraud, Marcela Palomino-Schalscha, Carla Batista, Katia Cisternas, Maribel Marquez-Satyanand, Nadia Batista, Maria-Fernanda Bernal, & Ines Marquez, with Marlena Angermann
Chapter 52: Digital story telling and researching women′s empowerment in Bangladesh - Samia Afroz Rahim, Sahida Khondaker, & Maheen Sultan
Chapter 53: Photovoice - Cathy Vaughan & Sarah Khaw
Chapter 54: Asset mapping as a participatory research approach - Elizabeth Lightfoot, Jennifer Blevins, & Amano Dube
Chapter 55: Theatre for development as a participatory research tool - Oga Steve Abah
Chapter 56: The Method of Enactment and the framework of Design: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Participatory Research - Catalina Alzate
Chapter 57: Extended participatory video processes - Jackie Shaw
Part 4.5: Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
Chapter 58: Participatory monitoring, evaluation and learning: Taking stock and breaking new ground - Marina Apgar & Will Allen
Chapter 59: Promoting adaptive programming through outcome mapping - The ‘Resilient Adolescents in the Syria Crisis’ programme (SAP) - Jan Van Ongevalle, Ana Kvintradze, David Miller, Gaël Rennesson, & Jeanette Lundberg
Chapter 60: The Most Significant Change Technique (MSC): A case study of how MSC helps communities unpack intangible outcomes - Jess Dart, Sophie Pinwill, & Avega Bishop
Chapter 61: Participatory Theory of Change: Reflecting on multiple views of how change happens - Marina Apgar & Boru Douthwaite
Chapter 62: Can voices at scale really be heard? Reflections from ten years of innovation with SenseMaker - Steff Deprez & Irene Guijt
Chapter 63: Ripple Effects Mapping: A participatory strategy for measuring program impacts - Rebecca Sero, Debra Hansen, Scott Chazdon, Laura Bohen, Lorie Higgins & Mary Emery
Chapter 64: Reality Check Approach and Immersion Research - Dee Jupp
Part 4.6: Mixing and Mashing Participatory and Formal Research
Chapter 65: Mixing and mashing participatory and formal research methods - Pauline Oosterhoff
Chapter 66: Mixed participatory and formal methods in studying violence towards men who have sex with men in Viet Nam - Tu-Anh Hoang
Chapter 67: Transitional ethnic female bodies and kaleidoscopic methodologies: Participatory research, feminist geographies and multi-sited ethnography - Angela Santamaria
Chapter 68: Participatory research in healthcare - Maria van den Muijsenbergh, Tomas de Brún, & Mary O’Reilly-de Brún
Chapter 69: Building in complementarity: Participatory mixed methods in research, monitoring and learning in modern slavery in India - Sowmyaa Bharadwaj, Stanley Joseph, Anusha Chandrasekharan, & Pradeep Narayanan
Chapter 70: Participatory network research: Using visual methods and participatory statistics for value chain analysis - Christian Stein & Lena J. Jaspersen
Part 5: Final Reflections
Chapter 71: Participatory research and the need for transformations in a world in crisis - Jo Howard, Sonia M. Ospina, & Danny Burns