Supramolecular Chemistry

Jonathan W. Steed was born in London, UK in 1969. He obtained his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees at University College London, working with Derek Tocher on coordination and organometallic chemistry directed towards inorganic drugs and new metal-mediated synthesis methodologies. He graduated in 1993, winning the Ramsay Medal for his Ph.D. work. Between 1993 and 1995 he was a NATO postdoctoral fellow at the University of Alabama and University of Missouri, working with Jerry Atwood. In 1995 he was appointed as a Lecturer at Kings College London and in 1998 he was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry Meldola Medal. In 2004 he joined Durham University where he is currently Professor of Inorganic Chemistry. As well as Supramolecular Chemistry (2000) Professor Steed is co-author of the textbook Core Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanochemistry (2007) and more than 200 research papers. He has published a large number of reviews, book chapters and popular articles as well as two major edited works, the Encyclopaedia of Supramolecular Chemistry (2004) and Organic Nanostructures (2008). He has been an Associate Editor of New Journal of Chemistry since 2001 and is the recipient of the Vice Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Postgraduate Teaching (2006). His interests are in supramolecular sensing and molecular materials chemistry. Jerry L. Atwood was born in Springfield MO, USA in 1942. He attended Southwest Missouri State University, where he obtained his B.S. degree in 1964. He carried out graduate research with Galen Stuckey at the University of Illinois, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1968. He was immediately appointed as an Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama, where he rose through Associate Professor (1972) to full Professor in 1978. In 1994 he was appointed Professor and Chair at the University of Missouri - Columbia. Professor Atwood is the author of more than 600 scientific publications. His research interests revolve around a number of themes in supramolecular chemistry including gas storage and separation and the control of confi ned space. He has also worked on the self-assembly of noncovalent capsules, liquid clathrate chemistry, anion binding and fundamental solid state interactions, and is a world-renown crystallographer. He co-founded the journals Supramolecular Chemistry (1992) and Journal of Inclusion Phenomena (1983). He has edited an enormous range of seminal works in supramolecular chemistry including the fi ve-volume series Inclusion Compounds (1984 and 1991) and the 11-volume Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry (1996). In 2000 he was awarded the Izatt-Christensen Prize in Supramolecular Chemistry.

About the Authors. Preface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Acknowledgements. 1 Concepts. 1.1 Defi nition and Development of Supramolecular Chemistry. 1.2 Classifi cation of Supramolecular Host-Guest Compounds. 1.3 Receptors, Coordination and the Lock and Key Analogy. 1.4 Binding Constants. 1.5 Cooperativity and the Chelate Effect. 1.6 Preorganisation and Complementarity. 1.7 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Selectivity, and Discrimination. 1.8 Nature of Supramolecular Interactions. 1.9 Solvation and Hydrophobic Effects. 1.10 Supramolecular Concepts and Design. 2 The Supramolecular Chemistry of Life. 2.1 Biological Inspiration for Supramolecular Chemistry. 2.2 Alkali Metal Cations in Biochemistry. 2.3 Porphyrins and Tetrapyrrole Macrocycles. 2.4 Supramolecular Features of Plant Photosynthesis. 2.5 Uptake and Transport of Oxygen by Haemoglobin. 2.6 Enzymes and Coenzymes. 2.7 Neurotransmitters and Hormones. 2.8 Semiochemistry in the Natural World. 2.9 DNA. 2.10 Biochemical Self-Assembly. 3 Cation-Binding Hosts. 3.1 Introduction to Coordination Chemistry. 3.2 The Crown Ethers. 3.3 The Lariat Ethers and Podands. 3.4 The Cryptands. 3.5 The Spherands. 3.6 Nomenclature of Cation-Binding Macrocycles. 3.7 Selectivity of Cation Complexation. 3.8 Solution Behaviour. 3.9 Synthesis: The Template Effect and High Dilution. 3.10 Soft Ligands for Soft Metal Ions. 3.11 Proton Binding: The Simplest Cation. 3.12 Complexation of Organic Cations. 3.13 Alkalides and Electrides. 3.14 The Calixarenes. 3.15 Carbon Donor and pi-acid Ligands. 3.16 The Siderophores. 4 Anion Binding. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Biological Anion Receptors. 4.3 Concepts in Anion Host Design. 4.4 From Cation Hosts to Anion Hosts - a Simple Change in pH. 4.5 Guanidinium-Based Receptors. 4.6 Neutral Receptors. 4.7 Inert Metal-Containing Receptors. 4.8 Common Core Scaffolds. 5 Ion Pair Receptors. 5.1 Simultaneous Anion and Cation Binding. 5.2 Labile Complexes as Anion Hosts. 5.3 Receptors for Zwitterions. 6 Molecular Guests in Solution. 6.1 Molecular Hosts and Molecular Guests. 6.2 Intrinsic Curvature: Guest Binding by Cavitands. 6.3 Cyclodextrins. 6.4 Molecular Clefts and Tweezers. 6.5 Cyclophane Hosts. 6.6 Constructing a Solution Host from Clathrate-Forming Building Blocks: The Cryptophanes. 6.7 Covalent Cavities: Carcerands and Hemicarcerands. 7 Solid-State Inclusion Compounds. 7.1 Solid-State Host-Guest Compounds. 7.2 Clathrate Hydrates. 7.3 Urea and Thiourea Clathrates. 7.4 Other Channel Clathrates. 7.5 Hydroquinone, Phenol, Dianin's Compound and the Hexahost Strategy. 7.6 Tri-o-thymotide. 7.7 Cyclotriveratrylene. 7.8 Inclusion Compounds of the Calixarenes. 7.9 Solid-Gas and Solid-Liquid Reactions in Molecular Crystals. 8 Crystal Engineering. 8.1 Concepts. 8.2 Crystal Nucleation and Growth. 8.3 Understanding Crystal Structures. 8.4 The Cambridge Structural Database. 8.5 Polymorphism. 8.6 Co-crystals. 8.7 Z' > 1. 8.8 Crystal Structure Prediction. 8.9 Hydrogen Bond Synthons - Common and Exotic. 8.10 Aromatic Rings. 8.11 Halogen Bonding and Other Interactions. 8.12 Crystal Engineering of Diamondoid Arrays. 9 Network Solids. 9.1 What Are Network Solids? 9.2 Zeolites. 9.3 Layered Solids and Intercalates. 9.4 In the Beginning: Hoffman Inclusion Compounds and Werner Clathrates. 9.5 Coordination Polymers. 10 Self-Assembly. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Proteins and Foldamers: Single Molecule Self-Assembly. 10.3 Biochemical Self-Assembly. 10.4 Self-Assembly in Synthetic Systems: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Considerations. 10.6 Self-Assembly of Closed Complexes by Hydrogen Bonding. 10.7 Catenanes and Rotaxanes. 10.8 Helicates and Helical Assemblies. 10.9 Molecular Knots. 11 Molecular Devices. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Supramolecular Photochemistry. 11.3 Information and Signals: Semiochemistry and Sensing. 11.4 Molecule-Based Electronics. 11.5 Molecular Analogues of Mechanical Machines. 11.6 Nonlinear Optical Materials. 12 Biological Mimics and Supramolecular Catalysis. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cyclodextrins as Enzyme Mimics. 12.3 Corands as ATPase Mimics. 12.4 Cation-Binding Hosts as Transacylase Mimics. 12.5 Metallobiosites. 12.6 Haem Analogues. 12.7 Vitamin B12 Models. 12.8 Ion Channel Mimics. 12.9 Supramolecular Catalysis. 13 Interfaces and Liquid Assemblies. 13.1 Order in Liquids. 13.2 Surfactants and Interfacial Ordering. 13.3 Liquid Crystals. 13.4 Ionic Liquids. 13.5 Liquid Clathrates. 14 Supramolecular Polymers, Gels and Fibres. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Dendrimers. 14.3 Covalent Polymers with Supramolecular Properties. 14.4 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Polymers. 14.5 Polycatenanes and Polyrotaxanes. 14.6 Biological Self-Assembled Fibres and Layers. 14.7 Supramolecular Gels. 14.8 Polymeric Liquid Crystals. 15 Nanochemistry. 15.1 When Is Nano Really Nano? 15.2 Nanotechnology: The 'Top Down' and 'Bottom Up' Approaches. 15.3 Templated and Biomimetic Morphosynthesis. 15.4 Nanoscale Photonics. 15.5 Microfabrication, Nanofabrication and Soft Lithography. 15.6 Assembly and Manipulation on the Nanoscale. 15.7 Nanoparticles. 15.8 Endohedral Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene. Summary. Thought Experiment. References. Index. Index.