Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

David A. Bell is a professional engineer who was employed as a circuit design specialist in the electronics industry for many years before becoming a professor at Lambton College of Applied Arts and Technology

1. Basics of Electricity ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 1-1 Electrification by Friction ; 1-2 Voltage, Current, and Resistance ; 1-3 Basic Source of Electricity ; 1-4 Electric Lamp ; 1-5 Electric Circuit ; 1-6 Current Direction ; 1-7 Direct Current and Alternating Current ; 1-8 Electric shock ; Review Questions ; Summary of Important Terms ; 2. Measuring Current, Voltage, and Resistance ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 2-1 Metric Prefixes and Engineering Notation ; 2-2 Current Measurement ; 2-3 Voltage Measurement ; 2-4 Resistance Measurement ; 2-5 Instrument Accuracy and Precision ; Summary of Basic Electrical Instrument Characteristics ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 3. Ohm's Law and Electrical Calculations ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 3-1 Resistance ; 3-2 Ohm's Law ; 3-3 Application of Ohm's Law ; 3-4 Conductance ; 3-5 Electrical Power and Energy ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 4. Conductors, Insulators, and Resistors ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 4-1 Conductors ; 4-2 Insulators ; 4-3 Conductor Resistivity ; 4-4 Temperature Effects on Conductors ; 4-5 Resistor Construction and Power Ratings ; 4-6 Temperature Coefficients of Resistors ; 4-7 Resistor Color Code ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 5. Series Resistor Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 5-1 Series Resistor Circuit ; 5-2 Voltages in a Series Circuit (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) ; 5-3 Voltage Divider ; 5-4 Potentiometer ; 5-5 Power in a Series Circuit ; 5-6 Voltage Dropping and Current Limiting ; 5-7 Open Circuits and Short Circuits in Series Circuits ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 6. Parallel Resistor Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 6-1 Parallel Resistor Circuit (Kirchhoff's Current Law) ; 6-2 Parallel Equivalent Circuit ; 6-3 Conductances in Parallel ; 6-4 Current Divider ; 6-5 Power in Parallel Circuits ; 6-6 Open Circuits and Short Circuits in a Parallel Circuit ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 7. Series- Parallel Resistor Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 7-1 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits ; 7-2 Currents in a Series-Parallel Circuit ; 7-3 Voltage Drops in a Series-Parallel Circuit ; 7-4 Ladder Networks ; 7-5 Analysis of Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits ; 7-6 Troubleshooting Series-Parallel Circuits ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 8. Network Analysis Techniques ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 8-1 Voltage Sources and Current Sources ; 8-2 Network Analysis Using Kirchhoff's Laws ; 8-3 Loop Equations (Mesh Equations) ; 8-4 Nodal Analysis ; 8-5 Delta-Y Transformations ; 8-6 Dependent Voltage and Current Sources ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 9. Network Theorems ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 9-1 The Superposition Theorem ; 9-2 Thevenin's Theorem ; 9-3 Norton's Theorem ; 9-4 Millman's Theorem ; 9-5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 10. Voltage Cells, Batteries, and DC Power Supplies ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 10-1 Simple Voltage Cell ; 10-2 Voltage Cell Characteristics ; 10-3 Miscellaneous Voltage Cells ; 10-4 Voltage Cells in Series ; 10-5 Voltage Cells in Parallel ; 10-6 Voltage Cells in Series-Parallel ; 10-7 Lead-Acid Battery ; 10-8 DC Power Supplies ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 11. Magnetism ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 11-1 Magnetic Field ; 11-2 Electromagnetism ; 11-3 Theory of Magnetism ; 11-4 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density ; 11-5 Magnetomotive Force and Magnetic Field Strength ; 11-6 Force on Current-Carrying Conductors ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 12. Magnetic Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 12-1 Reluctance and Permeability ; 12-2 Permeability of Free Space ; 12-3 Solenoid ; 12-4 Relative Permeability ; 12-5 Composite Magnetic Circuits ; 12-6 Force between Two Magnetic Surfaces ; 12-7 Magnetization Curves, Hysteresis, and Eddy Currents ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 13. DC Measuring Instruments ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 13-1 Basic Ammeters ; 13-2 Basic Voltmeters ; 13-3 Basic Ohmmeters ; 13-4 Electronic Voltmeters (Analog and Digital) ; 13-5 Electronic Ammeters and Voltmeters ; 13-6 Measuring Resistance by Ammeter and Voltmeter ; 13-7 The Megohmmeter ; 13-8 Power Measurement ; 13-9 The Wheatstone Bridge ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 14. Inductance ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 14-1 Electromagnetic Induction ; 14-2 Induced EMF and Current ; 14-3 Self-Inductance ; 14-4 Mutual Inductance ; 14-5 Types of Inductors ; 14-6 Energy Stored in an Inductive Circuit ; 14-7 Inductors in Series and in Parallel ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 15. Capacitance ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 15-1 Electric Charge Storage ; 15-2 Electric Field ; 15-3 Capacitance and Capacitor Dimensions ; 15-4 Capacitor Types and Characteristics ; 15-5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel ; 15-6 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 16. Inductance and Capacitance in DC Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 16-1 RL Circuit Operation ; 16-2 Instantaneous Current and Voltage in RL Circuits ; 16-3 Open-Circuiting an Inductive Circuit ; 16-4 RL Circuit Waveforms ; 16-5 RC Circuit Operation ; 16-6 Instantaneous Current and Voltage in RC Circuits ; 16-7 Discharging a Capacitor ; 16-8 RC Circuit Waveforms ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 17. Alternating Current and Voltage ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 17-1 Generation of Alternating Voltage ; 17-2 Sine Wave ; 17-3 Frequency, Phase Angle, and Wavelength ; 17-4 Resistive Load with AC Supply ; 17-5 Peak, Average, and RMS Values of Sine Waves ; 17-6 Oscilloscopes ; 17-7 AC Function Generator ; 17-8 AC Voltmeters ; 17-9 AC Electronic voltmeters ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 18. Phasors and Complex Numbers ; Objectives ; Objectives ; 18-1 Phasor Representation of Alternating Voltage ; 18-2 Addition and Subtraction of Phasors ; 18-3 Polar and Rectangular Forms, the j Operator ; 18-4 Mathematics of Complex Quantities ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 19. Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 19-1 Alternating Current and Voltage in an Inductive Circuit ; 19-2 Inductive Reactance and Susceptance ; 19-3 Alternating Current and Voltage in a Capacitive Circuit ; 19-4 Capacitive Reactance and Susceptance ; 19-5 Series RL Circuits ; 19-6 Series RC Circuits ; 19-7 Series RLC Circuits ; 19-8 Parallel RL Circuits ; 19-9 Parallel RC Circuits ; 19-10 Parallel RLC Circuits ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 20. Series and Parallel AC Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 20-1 Series-Connected Impedances ; 20-2 AC Voltage Divider ; 20-3 Impedances in Parallel ; 20-4 AC Current Divider ; 20-5 Series-Parallel Impedances ; 20-6 Series and Parallel Equivalent Circuits ; Summary of Formulas ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 21. Power in AC Circuits ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 21-1 Power Dissipated in a Resistance ; 21-2 Power in an Inductance ; 21-3 Power in a Capacitance ; 21-4 True Power and Reactive Power ; 21-5 Power in RL and RC Circuits ; 21-6 Power Factor ; 21-7 AC Wattmeter ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 22. AC Network Analysis and Theorems ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 22-1 AC Voltage Sources and Current Sources ; 22-2 Kirchhoff's Laws for AC Circuits ; 22-3 AC Circuit Loop Equations (Mesh Equations) ; 22-4 Superposition Theorem Applied to AC Networks ; 22-5 Nodal Analysis for AC Circuits ; 22-6 Thevenin's Theorem Applied to AC Circuits ; 22-7 Norton's Theorem Applied to AC Circuits ; 22-8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Applied to AC Circuits ; 22-9 Delta-Wye Transformations for AC Networks ; 22-10 AC Bridges ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 23. Resonance ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 23-1 Series Resonance ; 23-2 Tuning for Resonance ; 23-3 Q Factor of a Series Resonant Circuit ; 23-4 Bandwidth of a Series Resonant Circuit ; 23-5 Parallel Resonance ; 23-6 Q Factor for Parallel LC Circuits ; 23-7 Resonance Frequency for Parallel LC Circuits ; 23-8 Resistance Damping of Parallel LC Circuits ; 23-9 Tuned Coupled Coils ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 24. Filters ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 24-1 Basic Filter Types ; 24-2 Power Measurement in Decibels ; 24-3 RC Low-Pass Filters ; 24-4 RC High-Pass Filters ; 24-5 Filter Frequency Response Graphs ; 24-6 RL Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters ; 24-7 Band-Pass Filters ; 24-8 Notch Filters ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 25. Transformers ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 25-1 Principle of Transformer Operation ; 25-2 EMF Equation ; 25-3 Transformer on No-Load ; 25-4 Transformer on Load ; 25-5 Referred Resistance and Reactance ; 25-6 Transformer Voltage Regulation ; 25-7 Transformer Efficiency ; 25-8 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests ; 25-9 Autotransformer, Current Transformer, and Audio Transformer ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 26. Three-Phase AC Systems ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 26-1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages ; 26-2 Y-Connected Generator ; 26-3 Delta-Connected Generator ; 26-4 Y-? and Y-Y Systems ; 26-5 Phase Sequence ; 26-6 Power in Three-Phase Systems ; 26-7 Power Factor Correction ; 26-8 Three-Phase Power Measurement ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 27. Nonsinusoidal Waveforms ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 27-1 Miscellaneous Waveforms ; 27-2 Harmonics in Waveforms ; 27-3 Harmonic Analysis ; 27-4 RMS Value of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms ; 27-5 Nonsinusoidal Voltage as a Circuit Input ; Summary of Formulas ; Review Questions ; Problems ; Practice Problem Answers ; 28. Circuit Analysis by Computer ; Objectives ; Introduction ; 28-1 Series Resistor Circuit ; 28-2 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits ; 28-3 DC Network Analysis ; 28-4 Variable Load Resistor ; 28-5 Transient Analysis ; 28-6 AC Network Analysis ; 28-7 Resonant Circuit Analysis ; 28-9 Filter Frequency Response ; Problems ; Appendix 1: Circuit Symbols ; Appendix 2: The International System of Units ; Appendix 3: Unit Conversion Factors ; Appendix 4: American Wire Gauge Sizes and Metric Equivalents ; Appendix 5: Resistor Color Code ; Appendix 6: Resistor and Capacitor Values ; Answers to odd-numbered problems ; Index