Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry

University of Stavanger, Norway

Introduction and Environmental Issues


Production Chemistry Overview


Factors that Affect the Choice of Production Chemical


Environmental and Ecotoxicological Regulations


Designing Greener Chemicals


Mercury and Arsenic Production


References








Water and Gas Control


Introduction


Resins and Elastomers


Inorganic Gels


Cross-linked Organic Polymer Gels for Permanent Shut-ofF


Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels


Disproportionate Permeability Reducers (DPR) or Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPM)


Water Control Using Microparticles


Gas Shut-off


References








Scale Control


Introduction


Types of Scale


Non-Chemical Scale Control


Scale Inhibition of Group II Carbonates and Sulfates


Sulfide Scale Inhibition


Halite Scale Inhibition


Methods of Deploying Scale InhibitorS


Performance Testing of Scale Inhibitors


Chemical Scale Removal


References








Asphaltene Control


Introduction


Asphaltene Dispersants and Inhibitors


Low Molecular Weight, Non-polymeric Asphaltene Dispersants (ADs)


Oligomeric (Resinous) and Polymeric AIs


Summary of ADs and AIs


Asphaltene Dissolvers


References











Acid Stimulation


Introduction


Fracture Acidizing of Carbonate Formations


Matrix Acidizing


Potential Formation Damage from Acidizing


Acidizing Additives


Axial Placement of Acid Treatments


Radial Placement of Acidizing Treatments


References








Sand Control


Introduction


Chemical Sand Control


References








Control of Naphthenate and Other Carboxylate Fouling


Introduction


Naphthenate Deposition Control Using Acids


Low Dosage Naphthenate Inhibitors (LDNIs)


References








Corrosion Control During Production


Introduction


Methods of Corrosion Control


Corrosion Inhibitors


Film-forming Corrosion Inhibitors


References








Gas Hydrate Control


Introduction


Chemical Prevention of Hydrate Plugging


Gas Hydrate Plug Removal


References








Wax (Paraffin) Control


Introduction


Wax Control Strategies


Chemical Wax Removal


Chemical Wax Prevention


References








Demulsifiers


Introduction


Methods of Demulsification


Water-in-Oil Demulsifiers


References








Foam Control


Introduction


Defoamers and Anti-foams


References








Flocculants


Introduction


Theory of Flocculation


Flocculants


References








Biocides


Introduction


Chemicals for Control of Bacteria


Biocides


Biostats (Control "Biocides" or Metabolic Inhibitors)


Summary


References











Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers


Introduction


Non-regenerative H2S Scavengers


Summary


References








Oxygen Scavengers


Introduction


Classes of Oxygen Scavengers


References








Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs)


Introduction


DRA Mechanisms


Oil-soluble DRAs


References








Appendix 1





Author Biography