CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Dr. John Rumble has long been a leader in developing and providing access to databases in numerous S&T disciplines. From 1980 through 2004, he worked in the NIST Standard Reference Data Program and later was responsible for NIST measurement services programs. From 2004 to 2011, He was Executive Vice President of Information International Associates in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Today he is President of R&R Data Services in Gaithersburg MD. Rumble has served on numerous national and international STI policy committees and review panels and was a member of the Board on International Scientific Organizations of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Rumble was among the first to build online, PC, and Internet/web-based factual databases for scientific and technical (S&T) data. While at NIST, he sponsored data projects with scientists in China, Japan, England, France, Germany, and Russia. During that time, he also worked with many industry organizations and professional societies to develop industry-related data programs in materials science and chemistry, as well as standards for S&T data exchange. Dr. Rumble has considerable experience in chemistry, physics, materials science, nanomaterials, and informatics and data science experience and has published widely in all these areas. Rumble received a Ph.D. in Chemical Physics from Indiana University. In 1998-2002, Rumble served as President of CODATA, the ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology. Dr. Rumble is Fellow of IUPAC, AAAS, APS, ASTM International, ASM International, and IAFoST, as well as a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Metrology. He was awarded the CODATA 2006 Prize for outstanding achievements in S&T data. He has served two terms as Editor-in-Chief of the CODATA Data Science Journal. During the last five years, Dr. Rumble has led a multi-disciplinary effort to develop a uniform system for describing nanomaterials. This work has been done under the auspices of CODATA International and the International Council for Science. Rumble has put together a unique group of international union representatives from the diverse scientific and technical fields interested in nanotechnology, including chemistry, physics, materials science, food science and technology, nutrition science, toxicology, and more. In addition, he has reached out to more general audiences in these fields through international workshops, symposia at union conferences, and liaisons with U.S. and European Nanosafety projects. This work is available at www.codata.org/nanomaterials

Section 0: Introduction

The Editor and Editorial Board

Preface

New Data and Updates in the 106th Edition

On the Evaluation of Chemistry and Physics Data

Current Contributors

Part 1 Data on Chemical Substances

Section 1: Elements and Their Isotopes

Introduction

The Elements: Properties

Standard Atomic Weights

Atomic Masses and Isotopic Abundances

Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea

Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points and Densities of the Elements

Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C

Heat Capacity of Solid Elements as a Function of Temperature

Table of the Isotopes

Phase Transition Temperatures of the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

Density of Molten Elements as a Function of Temperature

Physical and Thermal Properties of Rare-Earth Metals

Thermal Properties of Pure Elemental Metals

Electrical Resistivity of Pure Elemental Metals

Electron Work Function of the Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements

Optical Properties of The Elements

Electronegativity of the Elements

Index of Refraction of Liquid Elements

Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Equations

Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Data

Description and History of Elements

Section 2: Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy Data

Introduction

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energies of Neutral Atoms and Atomic Ions

Electron Affinities of the Atomic Elements

Persistent Lines of the Neutral Atomic Elements

Atomic Radii of the Elements

Polarizabilities of the Atomic Elements

Section 3: Properties of Organic Compounds

Introduction

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Organic Compounds

Critical Constants of Organic Compounds

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

Miscibility of Organic Solvents

Dependence of Boiling Point of Organic Liquids on Pressure

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

Perfluoro- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Section 4: Properties of Inorganic Compounds

Introduction

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds

Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

Density of Molten Inorganic Salts as a Function of Temperature

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals

Magnetic Susceptibility of Inorganic Compounds

Optical Properties of Inorganic Solids

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds as a Function of Temperature

Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts

Solubility Charts for Inorganic Salts

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

Section 5: Properties of Water

Introduction

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam

Fixed-Point Thermophysical Properties of H2O and D2O

Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O

Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water

Standard Density of Water as a Function of Temperature

Ionization Constant of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure

Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water at Saturated Vapor Pressure

Electrical Conductivity of Water

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Frequency

Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water

Vapor Pressure of Ice

Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria for Ice as a Function of Pressure

Index of Refraction of Water

Properties of Seawater

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater

Section 6: Properties of Polymers

Introduction

Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology

Physical Properties of Important Polymers

Polymer Solvents

Glass Transition Temperatures for Polymers

Permittivity of Polymers

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

Solubility Parameters of Polymers

Section 7: Properties of Bio-Medical Compounds and Substances

Introduction

Properties of Amino Acids

Structures of Common Amino Acids

Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

The Genetic Code

Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters

Composition and Properties of Oils and Fats

Carbohydrate Names and Symbols

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water

Biological Buffers

pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods

Properties and Functions of Important Drugs

Properties of Controlled Substances

Section 8: Chemical Structure, Bonding, and Molecular Spectroscopy Data

Introduction

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules

Dipole Moments

Hindered Internal Rotation

Bond Dissociation Energies

Force Constants for Bond Stretching

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

Polarizabilities of Molecules

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

Electron Affinities of Molecules

Part 2 Data for the Practice of Chemistry and Physics

Section 9: Physical Chemistry Data

Introduction

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions

Proton Affinities

Heat of Combustion

Heat Capacity of Solids as a Function of Temperature

Transition Temperatures and Heats of Transition for Metal Oxyanion Salts

Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions

Molar Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Molar Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution

Electrochemical Series

Meaning Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts as a Function of Concentration

Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids

Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation

Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

Section 10: Environmental Chemistry Data

Introduction

Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies

Properties of Refrigerants

Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases

Annual Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Methane

Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients

Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2024

Solar Irradiance at the Earth

Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation

Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

Section 11: Solid-State Chemistry and Physics Data

Introduction

Thermal Analysis for Materials Characterization

Microscopy Techniques for Materials Characterization

Symmetry of Crystals

Ionic Radii in Crystals

The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids

Electrical Resistivity of Binary Alloys

Electrical Resistivity of Carbon Materials

Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Crystals

Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals

Properties of Superconductors

High-Temperature Superconductors

Organic Superconductors

Properties of Semiconductors

Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Organic Magnets

Thermal and Strength Properties of Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature

Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals

Secondary Electron Emission

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths

Electron Stopping Powers

Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials

Section 12: Industrial Chemistry Data

Introduction

Thermophysical Properties of Air

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids at Saturation

Vapor Pressure of Compounds and Elements

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K

Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions

Enthalpy of Vaporization

Enthalpy of Fusion

Virial Coefficients of Gases

Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids

Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density

Properties of Cryogenic Fluids

Properties of Liquid Helium

Properties of Ionic Liquids

Energy Content of Fuels

Surface Tension of Liquids

Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures

Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants)

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases

Viscosity of Gases

Viscosity of Liquids

Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Refrigerants

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points

Sublimation Pressure of Solids

Solubility of Gases in Water as a Function of Temperature

Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

Diffusion in Gases

Diffusion of Gases in Water

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution

Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases

Index of Refraction of Air

Index of Refraction of Gases

Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes

Section 13: Astrophysics, Earth Sciences, and Physics Data

Introduction

Astronomical Constants

Properties of the Solar System

Interstellar Molecules

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth

Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude

Summary Tables of Particle Properties

Blackbody Radiation

Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

Coefficient of Friction

Part 3 Data for Modern Chemical Laboratories

Section 14: Analytical Chemistry Data

Introduction

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry

Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Standardization and Calibration

Figures of Merit

Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units

Detection of Outliers in Measurements

Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography

Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams

Stationary Phases for Porous-Layer Open Tubular Columns

Coolants for Cryotrapping

Properties of Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases

Detectors for Gas Chromatography

Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry

Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices

Pressure Drop in Open Tubular Gas Chromatographic Columns

Phase Ratios for Capillary Columns

Minimum Recommended Injector Split Ratios for Capillary Columns

Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane

Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents

Instability of HPLC Solvents

Fluorescence Labeling Reagents Used Pre-Column in HPLC

Detectors for Liquid Chromatography

Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands

Raman Band Frequencies

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

Properties of NMR Nuclei

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups

Proton NMR Shifts of Organic Liquids

Proton Chemical Shifts of Contaminants in Deuterated Solvents

13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups

13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Organic Solvents

15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families

Natural Abundance of Isotopes Important in Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families

Mass Spectral Fragments Lost

Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Organic Liquids

Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers

Chlorine-Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns

Analyzing Crystals in X-Ray Spectrometers

K Absorption Edges and Characteristic Emission Lines of Atomic Elements

Radioisotope Sources for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Standards for Laboratory Weights

Reduction of Weighings in Air to in Vacuo

Indicators for Acids and Bases

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions

Section 15: Chemical and Laboratory Safety Data

Introduction

Chemical Safety

Risk Assessment Methodology

Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards

Incompatible Chemicals

Water-Reactive Chemicals

Pyrophoric Compounds - Compounds That React with Air

Peroxide Testing

Explosion (Shock) Hazards

Flammable Liquids Categorization Criteria

Flammability of Solvents and Other Chemical Substances

Chemical Carcinogens

Radiation Safety and Protection

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

Safety in the Use of Cryogens

Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets

Gas Cylinder Safety

Compressed Air Safety

Laser Hazards in the Laboratory

Magnetic Field Safety

Electrical Shock Hazards

Laboratory Glove Selection

Protective Clothing

Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters

Selection of Hearing Protection Devices

Types and Uses of Fire Extinguishers

Section 16: Practical Laboratory Data

Introduction

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C

Constant Humidity Solutions

Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration

Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature

Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature

Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Electrical Conductivity Cells

Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

Recommended Secondary Reference Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

Metal Carbide-Carbon Phase Transition Temperatures

Part 4 Reference Tables and Indices

Section 17: Units, Constants, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2018

International System of Units (SI)

Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements

Descriptive Terms for Solubility

Units for Magnetic Properties

Conversion Factors for Energy Units

Conversion Factors for Pressure Units

Units of Measure for Vacuum Systems

Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems

Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units

Thermodynamic Functions and Relations

Section 18: Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds

Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

Definition of Ambient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Section 19: Covers and Indices

Periodic Table of the Elements

Standard Atomic Weights in Atomic Order Number

Fundamental Physical Constants - Frequently Used Constants