New in the Second Edition

The second edition is completely revised, reorganized, and expanded from 12 to 14 chapters. Data analysis, chemistry review, and mass spectrometry have become three standalone chapters. All 14 chapters are provided with more workout examples, boxes, practical tips, case studies, and intellectually stimulating end-of-chapter problems to enhance a better understanding of the fundamentals of sampling and analysis. In the meantime, this second edition incorporates current literature from peer-reviewed journals regarding the applications and challenges in the field of environmental sampling and analysis, aimed at graduate students, researchers, and practitioners who need further information or specific details from standard handbooks (USEPA, ASTM, OSHA, etc.), or need to apply fundamental principles to conduct specific environmental sampling and analysis.

On the non-technical side, the second edition has added some new features such as Learning Objectives/Chapter Themes at the beginning/end of each chapter. Answers to selected questions and calculation-based problems are also provided in an appendix for self-assessment. To adapt to visual learners and online teaching, this new edition is updated with colored figures and text headings for e-book users for a more pleasant layout. The hardcopy of the textbook will be in a blue-black format. Boldface Type fonts are used for key terms.

In Chapter 1, basic terms related to error, standard deviation, and variance are defined. A more quantitative analysis is added to illustrate the order of magnitude for the sampling error in comparison with the analytical error. The selected milestones for analytical instrumentations have been expanded to include several prominent instrumentations. Required knowledge and skills for environmental sampling and analysis are delineated.

Chapters 2 and 3 are the two of three reorganized new chapters covering basics of analytical/organic chemistry and environmental data analysis, respectively. In Chapter 2, new calculation examples of concentration unit conversions, accuracy, precision, and detection limits are provided. A quick review of organic functional groups, important legacy and emerging environmental organic contaminants along with their structural features and physical properties are significantly expanded. In Chapter 3, outlier detections, dealing with non-parametric data, and analysis of non-detect data and spatial/temporal data are elaborated along with real-world examples to enable students to choose correct tools and statistical packages (Excel, SPSS, Minitab, R, ArcGIS ) to avoid the common mistakes in environmental data analysis.

In Chapter 4, composite sampling and transect sampling are elaborated. The concept of incremental sampling has been added because this new sampling approach is being increasingly recognized. Contents regarding sampling frequency are added as a new section following the discussion of sampling number estimation. Several practical examples from actual monitoring data and published papers are used to illustrate sampling design for contaminants/biological parameters in air, surface water, or groundwater.

In Chapter 5, a new section regarding time-integrated sampling techniques and in situ sensors is added to include passive samplers (SPMD, POCIS, DGT), automated samplers, in situ sensors, and remote sensing to reflect the trend in current research and monitoring practices. Such additions become essential at present to complement the more commonly used grab-based sampling techniques. Schematic drawings of sampling tools for atmospheric and biological samples have been updated, and calculation examples related to grab and passive sampling are added.

In Chapter 6, several outdated test method indexes, numerous method websites, and older versions of method manuals have been deleted or updated. An overview of sampling and analysis methodologies in other countries is added for a broader spectrum of readers. Examples, case studies and boxes are added to illustrate the preparation of QC samples, importance of data quality compared to data quantity, accreditation of lab certifications, data quality assessment (DQA), and data usability evaluation (DUE).

Chapter 7 has been changed from “Common Operation and Wet Chemical Methods in Environmental Laboratories” to “Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters,” by adding testing kits and sensors used in routine monitoring by field crews and practitioners. Boxes and additional calculation examples are provided to prepare beginners to competently work in a wet chemical lab and develop a solid understanding of chemical stoichiometry and calculations of solids (SS, TSS, TDS, etc.), alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, and ThOD.

In Chapter 8, the section on sample preparation for metal analysis now includes methods for both total metals and metal speciation in water, soil, and sediment. The section on VOCs is now elaborated to include sample preparation for VOCs in liquid and soil samples. New sample preparation methods such as stir-bar sorptive extraction, and the concept of green sample preparation (e.g., uses of supercritical CO2, subcritical water and ionic liquids) are introduced. Case studies are added for readers to apply correct sample preparation methods to extract polar, volatile, and hydrophobic disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and for readers to develop a more in-depth understanding of various derivatization through chemical reactions involved in derivatizing glyphosate. The less commonly used volatile organic sampling train (VOST) in air and stack gas emissions has been deleted.

Chapter 9 is reorganized and section on origins of absorption in relation to molecular orbital theories has been completely rewritten for a better readability. The absorption of VIS, UV, and FTIR is better illustrated using familiar molecules such as color-bearing transition metal complexes, conjugated UV-absorbing compounds, and IR-absorbing CO2 responsible for global warming. Quantitative examples using Planck’s law and Hooke’s law have been added to relate wavelength/frequency to energy required to ionize or vibrate certain molecular bonds. A primer and example for the interpretation of FTIR spectra have been added along with the use of portable FTIR device for air-borne toxins and FTIR for the characterization of microplastics. The principles of Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence have also been briefly introduced because of their increasing uses in environmental research and monitoring.

In Chapter 10, a new section regarding analysis of metal species in environmental samples has been added. Species analysis through operationally defined extraction methods and direct analysis through particular instruments such as HGAAS, IC, IC-ICP-OES, and IC-ICP-MS are summarized. Other revisions include a box on the use of XRF to detect metals in environmental site characterization, elaboration of other plasma sources (e.g., microwave), other sample introduction systems (e.g., laser ablation), more specifics about FAAS, GFAAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, HGAAS and CVAAS, and three calibration methods in environmental analysis: internal standard method, external standard method, and standard addition method.

In Chapter 11, more chromatographic examples have been added to enhance an in-depth understanding of chromatographic separation through intermolecular forces, separation upon various stationary phases, compounds’ boiling points, column dimensions, film thickness, and oven temperature, along with theoretical discussion of flow velocity via van Deemter equations. Several topics with an increasing importance in environmental monitoring and research are added in the format of box, including, for example, the concepts of chiral separation for chiral compounds (e.g., pesticides), UPLC, and portable GC and GC/MS for in situ gas and vapor monitoring and emergency response.

In Chapter 12, more examples are added to help readers better understand the Nernst equation and Faraday’s law of electrolysis. New boxes are added to differentiate galvanic (voltaic) cells from electrolytic cells, to show some recent development of using electroanalytical methods for in situ monitoring of aquatic systems, for example, micro-electrochemical sensors for in situ high temporal and spatial resolution analysis of pH, pCO2, sulfide; in situ voltammetry for the analysis of trace metals and their speciation, and in situ analysis of sulfide in aquatic system using potentiometric, voltammetric and amperometric sensors.

Chapter 13 is a standalone chapter dedicated fully to more detailed discussions of mass spectrometry. This chapter starts with the introduction to basic terms (e.g., exact mass, resolution) of mass spectrometry and general components of mass spectrometers, followed by the delineation of various ionization techniques (EI, ESI, APPI, APCI, MALDI, FI/FD), mass analyzers (Q, ion trap, orbitrap, TOF, magnetic sector), and hyphenated mass spectrometric methods (ICP-MS, GC-MS, LC-MS, MS/MS, MSn) with completely revised schematic drawings. Other added contents include the use of isotopic dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), mass spectra fragmentations, and non-targeted analysis.

The remaining contents from the first edition have now become the new Chapter 14 including NMR, surface and microscopic characterization techniques, radiochemical analysis, and screening methods using immunoassay. More examples are given to relate the chemical structures to 1H-NMR...