Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications

Raj K. Arya, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India. George D. Verros, PhD, works as a Chemical Engineer for public sector environmental projects in Greece. J. Paulo Davim, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Aveiro, Portugal.

List of Contributors xxvi

Preface xxxv

1 Introduction: The Evolution of Functional Coatings from Protection to Innovation 1
Devyani Thapliyal, Kshitij Tewari, Sarojini Verma, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Pramita Sen, Anshi Mehra, Snehil Rana, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Coatings in Energy Sector 5

1.3 Coatings in the Environment: Agriculture, Food and Separations 9

1.4 Other Applications of Coatings 18

1.5 Conclusions 19

References 20

Part I Coatings in Biomedical Applications 31

2 Functional Coatings: Innovation and Challenges; Coatings in Biological Systems 33
Kulsoom Koser, Shahnaz Kousar, Sajjad Haider, Salah- Ud- Din Khan, Aadil A. Bhat, and Athar A. Hashmi

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Thermal Sprays Technologies 35

2.3 Plasma Spraying 35

2.4 Combustion Spraying 36

2.5 The Cold Spray Technology 36

2.6 Substrate Preparation 37

2.7 Characteristics of the Cold Spray Process 38

2.8 Cold- Sprayed Compounds 38

2.9 Cold Sprays Coatings with Added Functionality 38

2.10 Medical Implantable Device Coatings 39

2.11 Bioactive Coatings 40

2.12 Antimicrobial Coatings 41

2.12.1 Contamination of Medical Equipment 41

2.13 Antifouling Coatings 41

2.14 Anticorrosive Coatings 43

2.15 Cold Spray Bioactive Coatings in the Future 43

2.16 Conclusion 44

References 44

3 Antimicrobial Coatings in Dental Implants: Past and Present Approaches 51
Diksha Agrawal and Anu P. Minhas

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Past and Present Status of AMC 52

3.3 Challenges and Future of Antimicrobial- Coated Dental Implants 67

3.4 Conclusion 68

References 68

4 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 77
Suriyanarayanan Sudha, Sonanki Keshri, Chaithanya K. I. Naga, and Subhajith Roychowdhury

4.1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 77

4.2 Superhydrophobic Coatings 78

4.3 Emerging Applications of Superhydrophobic Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical 86

4.4 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Directions 94

4.5 Outlook 94

Abbreviations 95

References 95

5 Antimicrobial Coatings: Recent Advances and Development in Healthcare Systems 105
Arvind K. Yadav , Amook Sharma, Punit K. Khanna, Ratna Chandra, Ashutosh Tripathi, Deepak Kumar, and Manoj Kandpal

5.1 Introduction 105

5.2 Antimicrobial Coating Technology (AMC Technology) 106

5.3 Antimicrobial Coatings Market Size, Share, and Industrial Analysis 110

5.4 Antimicrobial Technology in Healthcare Systems 111

5.5 Benefits of Antimicrobial Coatings in the Medical Industry 114

5.6 Challenges of Implementing Antimicrobial Coatings 115

5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 118

References 118

6 3D Printing Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications 123
Anil K. Adimulapu, Rajesh E. Jesudasan, Raj K. Arya, Davvedu Thathapudi, Mahesh Namballa, Kashmiri Sonowal, and Anand Matta

6.1 Introduction 123

6.2 History 123

6.3 Advantages of a 3D Printed Drug Delivery 124

6.4 Process Challenges 124

6.5 Risk Assessment during 3D Printing Process 125

6.6 Types of 3D Printing 125

6.7 Applications of 3D Printing 127

References 140

7 Advances in Pharmaceutical Coatings and Coating Materials 145
Alok Ranjan, Priyanka Adhikari, Raj Kumar Verma, Anaikutti Parthiban, Meenakshi Singh, and Ashish Kumar

7.1 Introduction 145

7.2 Coating Materials 146

7.3 Different Types of Coating 148

7.4 Coating Equipment 152

7.5 Characterization Technique for the Coated Surface 154

7.6 Challenges of Coating in Pharmaceutical Application 155

7.7 Application of Process Modeling in Coating 157

7.8 Summary 159

References 159

8 Pharmaceutical Coatings 163
Bhavishya Mittal, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Biopharmaceutics 164

8.3 Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Coatings and Process 168

8.4 Manufacturing Process for Applying Coatings 171

8.5 Scale- Up 178

8.6 Summary 180

References 180

Part II Coatings in Energy and Environment 183

9 Energy Storage Coatings: Classification and Its Applications 185
Devyanshu Sachdev, Pragati Sharma, Vinod Kashyap, Srinivas Tadepalli, Rahul Sharma, Chankit, Ashok K. Sharma, and Gaurav Gupta

9.1 Introduction 185

9.2 Classification of Energy Storage 186

9.3 Applications of Energy Storage Coatings 189

9.4 Summary 197

Acknowledgment 197

Competing Interest 197

References 197

10 Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles: A Revolutionary Integration 203
Rakesh Namdeti, Nachiappan Senthilnathan, Naveen Prasad Balakrishna P. S., Uma R. Meka, and Arlene A. Joaquin

10.1 Background and Motivation 203

10.2 Objectives of the Chapter 203

10.3 Significance of Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles 204

10.4 Current Challenges and Opportunities 206

10.5 Fundamentals of Energy Storage 207

10.6 Types of Energy Storage Systems 207

10.7 Coating Technologies for Energy Storage 208

10.8 Integration Challenges and Solutions 209

10.9 Textile Substrates for Energy Storage Coatings 210

10.10 Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Coatings 214

10.11 Techniques for Applying Energy Storage Coatings 217

10.12 Applications of Energy Storage Textiles 219

10.13 Performance and Durability Assessment 221

10.14 Future Perspectives and Challenges 223

10.15 Conclusion 225

References 225

11 Green- Synthesized Nanomaterial Coatings for High- Performance Electrodes 231
D. Shruthi Keerthi, M. Mukunda Vani, and Balaji Krishnamurthy

11.1 Introduction 231

11.2 Materials and Methods 237

11.3 Results 241

11.4 Conclusion 250

References 252

12 Optical Coating Systems for High- Efficiency Solar Cells 257
Sonal S. Bagade, Manzar M. Malik, and Piyush K. Patel

12.1 Introduction 257

12.2 Methodology 258

12.3 Working Mechanism, Advancement, and Applications of Various SC Coating Technologies 262

12.4 Conclusion 283

References 284

13 Science and Engineering of Functional Coatings Materials Used in Energy Sectors 305
Diksha P. Pathak, Ajeet K. Prajapati, Siddharth Atal, Yogendra Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Akhoury S. K. Sinha, Jitendra Sangwai, Krishna D. P. Nigam, and Deepak Dwivedi

13.1 Introduction 305

13.2 Functional Coatings Materials Property 307

13.3 Biomass- Derived Functional Coating Materials 309

13.4 Types of Advanced Functional Coating Technologies for Renewable Energy Sectors 312

13.5 Functional Coatings for Solar Energy Applications 313

13.6 Functional Coatings Used in Hydrogen Energy 314

13.7 Methods to Estimate Hydrogen Embrittlement 315

13.8 The General Classification of Functional Coating Based on Materials 317

13.9 Challenges with Coatings That Are Thick and Thin or Soft and Stiff 320

13.10 Specific Challenges in Some Coating’s Applications 320

References 321

14 High- Temperature Corrosion- Resistant Coatings for the Energy Sector 329
Ankita Kumari, Priyanka Sati, Sudesh Kumar, and Rajendra P. Singh

14.1 Introduction 329

14.2 Advances in HTC- Resistant Materials and Coatings 330

14.3 Materials and Coatings Corrosion Mechanisms 332

14.4 Corrosion- Resistant Substances and Coatings: Application Trends 332

14.5 Mechanisms of Decline and Coating Design 337

14.6 Conclusion 338

Acknowledgments 339

References 339

Part III Coatings for Industrial and Environmental Applications 343

15 Coatings in the Automobile Application 345
Ramanujam Kanchana, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor, and Paramathma Baskara Sethupathi

15.1 Introduction 345

15.2 Raw Material Used in the Automotive Coatings Industry 346

15.3 Based on Product Categories and Process of Coatings 351

15.4 Based on the Application Method of Coatings 354

15.5 Based on the Technology of Coating Types 354

15.6 Functional Coatings Types 355

15.7 Market 356

15.8 Benefits 356

15.9 Application 357

15.10 Current Trends in the Automotive Coatings 358

15.11 Automotive Key Suppliers 359

15.12 Conclusion 360

References 360

16 Coatings for Membrane Separations 363
Abhishek K. S. Saxena, Anupam B. Soni, Santhi R. Pilli, and Anandkumar Jayapal

16.1 Introduction 363

16.2 Physical Coating Techniques 365

16.3 Chemical Coating Techniques 374

16.4 Applications 381

16.5 Challenges and Outlook 387

16.6 Conclusions 388

References 389

17 Coatings for Oil–Water Separation 399
Monalisha Samanta, Pramita Sen, and Debarati Mitra

17.1 Introduction 399

17.2 What Are Coatings? 401

17.3 Application of Coatings 401

17.4 Types of Coatings 402

17.5 Fabrication Methods of Superhydrophobic and Super- Hydrophilic coatings 403

17.6 Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Coated Membranes Used for Oil/Water Separation 416

17.7 Limitations Associated with the Development of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Surfaces and Films 423

17.8 Conclusions 424

References 425

18 Enhancing the Performance of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes with the Aid of Functional Coatings 429
Pramita Sen, Tanweepriya Das, Sushmit Ghosh, Arka Sanyal, Umesh Ghorai, Rohit Dutta, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya

18.1 Introduction 429

18.2 Types of Coating Material 431

18.3 Synthesis of Polymer- Coated Membranes 435

18.4 Fouling and Antifouling Mechanism Analysis 446

18.5 Major Applications and Performance Characteristics of Surface- Modified UF Membranes 451

18.6 Concluding Remarks 454

References 457

19 Antimicrobial Coatings for Water Purification: Applications and Future Perspectives 467
Simmi Goel and Raj K. Arya

19.1 Introduction 467

19.2 Metal and Its Oxide- Containing Nanocoatings 468

19.3 Polymers- Based Coatings Used for Water Purification 472

19.4 Ionic Liquids and Polymer Composites as Antimicrobial Agents 474

19.5 Natural Plant Extracts for Water Purification 476

19.6 Conclusion 478

References 478

Part IV Coatings in Food and Consumer Goods 485

20 Protein- Based Edible Coatings and Films for Food Packaging and Storage 487
Anupama Thakur, Avni Gupta, Preet Kanwal, Ananya Sharma, Harbaaz Singh, Gaganpreet K. Saini, and Shilpi Ahluwalia

20.1 Introduction 487

20.2 Types of Coatings 488

20.3 Protein Film Formation Methods 493

20.4 Improvement Methods for Protein Films 495

20.5 Factors Affecting Protein- Based Film 498

20.6 Applications of Protein- Based Edible Films 502

20.7 Conclusion 504

References 504

21 Antimicrobial Coatings in the Food Industry 511
V. Uma Maheshwari Nallal, A. Usha Raja Nanthini, D. Illakiam, B. Ravindran, Vinitha Ebenezer, and M. Razia

21.1 Introduction 511

21.2 Food Industry: Role, Benefits, and Risks 512

21.3 Microbial Contamination in Food Industry 514

21.4 Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mode of Action 518

21.5 Antimicrobial Coatings 518

21.6 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Coating Agents 525

21.7 Applications of Antimicrobial Coatings in Food Industry 526

21.8 Release Kinetics of Antimicrobial Agents from Coated Surfaces 531

21.9 Recent Trends in Antimicrobial Coatings 532

21.10 Challenges and Safety Concerns 532

21.11 The Commercialization of Antimicrobial Coatings 533

21.12 Conclusion and Future Roadmap 534

References 535

22 Antimicrobial Coatings for Fruits and Vegetables 543
Sakshi Gupta, Gargi Ghoshal, and Raj K. Arya

22.1 Introduction 543

22.2 Composition of Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables 546

22.3 Antimicrobial Agents Suitable for Coating 550

22.4 Techniques for Making an Antimicrobial Edible Coating 556

22.5 Effect of Edible Coating on Qualities of Fruits and Vegetables 561

22.6 Future Prospect 561

22.7 Conclusion 562

References 562

23 Antioxidant Coatings Applied in the Food Industry 571
Sunita Patil, Rohidas Bhoi, Jotiram Gujar, Parimala Shivaprasad, Alisa Wikaputri, and Shambala Gadekar- Shinde

23.1 Introduction 571

23.2 Role of Antioxidant Coatings in the Food Industry 571

23.3 Classification of Antioxidants 572

23.4 Method of Extraction of Antioxidants from Natural Resources 573

23.5 Procedure for Inducing Coating on FM 574

23.6 Antioxidant Film as a Coating in Packaging 581

23.7 Challenges and Prospect 587

23.8 Conclusion 592

References 592

24 Applications of Edible Coating in the Food Industry 601
Anshi Mehra, Pooja Rajput, Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Snehil Rana, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Kshitij Tewari, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya

24.1 Introduction 601

24.2 Coating Categories 603

24.3 Ingredients in the Making of Edible Coating 604

24.4 Possible Generation Methods of Edible Coatings 611

24.5 Factors Affecting Coating Process 614

24.6 Sensory Implication on the Shelf Life of Fruit 615

24.7 Application of Edible Coating 616

24.8 Advantages of Edible Coating 618

24.9 Characterization/Analysis of Edible Coatings 619

24.10 Ordinance Detail 621

24.11 Future Trends 621

References 622

Part V Emerging Coating Innovations 629

25 Antimicrobial Coatings for Textiles Using Natural Dyes 631
Varinder Kaur, Palwinder Singh, Debapriya Chattopadhyay, Sombir Jaglan, Sachin K. Godara, Sukhdeep Kaur, Sheetal Vermani, Alvine S. Ndinchout, and Deepika Verma

25.1 Introduction 631

25.2 Applications of Natural Antimicrobial Dyes for Textiles 633

25.3 Future Scope 638

References 638

26 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Boiling Heat Transfer Applications 643
Inbaoli Arivalagan, Sujith Kumar C. Sivaraman, and Sandesh S. Chougule

26.1 Introduction 643

26.2 Wettability 645

26.3 Wettability Effects on Bubble Dynamics 646

26.4 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Pool Boiling 648

26.5 Boiling Characteristics on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 651

26.6 Summary 658

26.7 Prospects of SHB Surfaces 658

References 658

27 Electroless Nickel- Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection Applications 663
Shashikala A. R., Sridhar B. S., and Sabin Mishra

27.1 Introduction 663

27.2 Effect of Corrosion 663

27.3 Corrosion Protection 664

27.4 Electroplating and Electroless Plating 665

27.5 Electroless Plating of Nickel 668

27.6 Conclusion 671

References 671

28 Functional Coating in Electronic Applications 675
Rakesh Namdeti, Sivamani Selvaraju, Vijayanand Manickam, Saikat Banerjee, and Jayakaran Pachiyappan

28.1 Introduction 675

28.2 Principles of Functional Coatings 676

28.3 Applications of Functional Coatings 680

28.4 Future Trends and Challenges 683

28.5 Conclusion 690

References 690

Index 695