Reaction Mechanisms in Sulphuric Acid and other Strong Acid Solutions

PrefaceGeneral IntroductionChapter 1 Properties of Sulphuric Acid/Water Mixtures as Solvents 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1. Concentration Units 1.1.2. Preparation and Analysis of Solutions 1.2. Physical Properties 1.2.1. Mechanical Properties 1.2.2. Electrical Properties 1.3. Thermodynamic Properties 1.3.1. Phase Changes 1.3.2. Thermochemical Quantities 1.4. Spectroscopic Properties 1.4.1. Rayleigh Scattering 1.4.2. Raman and Infrared Spectra 1.4.3. Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra 1.4.4. X-Ray Diffraction 1.4.5. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra 1.5. Isotopically Substituted Sulphuric Acids 1.5.1. Dideuterosulphuric Acid 1.5.2. 35S-Labeled Sulphuric AcidChapter 2 Acidity Functions 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Definitions 2.2.1. Acidity Functions for Simple Protonation 2.2.2. Acidity Function for Complex Ionizations 2.2.3. Acidity Function for Olefin Protonation 2.3. Evaluation of Acidity Functions 2.3.1. Indicator Measurements 2.3.2. Electrochemical Measurements 2.4. Various Acidity Function Scales 2.4.1. The HO or HO Acidity Function 2.4.2. The H''''0 Acidity Function 2.4.3. The HA Acidity Function 2.4.4. The HI Acidity Function 2.4.5. The H+ Acidity Function 2.4.6. The H- Acidity Function 2.4.7. The H'R and HR Acidity Function 2.5. Verification of the Activity Coefficient Postulate 2.5.1. Measurements of Activity Coefficients of Neutral Indicator Bases 2.5.2. Relative Activity Coefficients of Some Indicator Conjugate Acids 2.5.3. Relative Activity Coefficient Ratios 2.6. Physical Significance of Acidity Functions 2.6.1. A Chemical Hydration Treatment of Acidity Functions 2.6.2. The Acidity Function HO in the Vicinity of 100 per Cent Sulphuric AcidChapter 3 Protonation of Very Weak Bases 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Methods of Determination of Basicities in Sulphuric Acid Media 3.2.1. The Spectrophotometric Method 3.2.2 The N.M.R. Spectroscopic Method 3.2.3 The Raman Spectrometric Method 3.2.4 The Distribution or Extraction Method 3.2.5 The Cryoscopic Method 3.2.6 The Conductometric Method 3.2.7The Conductometric Titration Method 3.2.8 Correlation of Basicity Determinations in Pure Sulphuric Acid with HO 3.3 Basicities of Very Weak Bases 3.3.1. Introduction 3.3.2 Bases Involving NIII and PIII as the Basic Center 3.3.3 Bases Involving More Complex Groups Containing N,P As 3.3.4 Bases Involving O and S as the Basic Center 3.3.5 Hydrocarbon Bases 3.3.6 Inorganic BasesChapter 4 Complex Ionizations 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Methods of Study of Complex Ionizations 4.2.1. The Cryoscopic Method 4.2.2 The Conductometric Method 4.2.3. The Conductometric Titration Method 4.2.4. The Spectrophotometric Method 4.3. Survey of Complex Ionizations 4.3.1. Organic Solutes 4.3.2. Inorganic Solutes 4.3.3. Organometallic SolutesChapter 5 Reaction Mechanisms in Sulphuric Acid Solutions 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Mechanisms and Mechanistic Criteria in Strong Acid Solutions 5.2.1. Main Types of Reaction Mechanism in Strong Acid Solutions 5.2.2. Mechanistic Criteria 5.3. Methods of Kinetic Investigation 5.4. Mechanisms of Reactions in Sulphuric Acid Solutions 5.4.1. Hydrolyses 5.4.2. Hydration and Dehydration Reactions 5.4.3. Isomerizations and Rearrangements 5.4.4. Decarbonylations and Decarboxylations 5.4.5. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions by the Hydrogen Ion 5.4.6. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions by Other Electrophiles 5.4.7. Miscellaneous Reactions Involving Carbonium IonsReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index