Nanocellulose

Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an associate professor at the Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded the Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016, he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DSTSERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 19 book chapters, and filed three patents. Debalina Bhattacharya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, West Bengal, India. She obtained her PhD from Jadavpur University, India in 2014, which focused on cancer biology and bionanotechnology. She has co-authored 24 peer-reviewed research articles and review articles, as well as 17 book chapters.

Preface xvii

1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1
Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 3

1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 6

1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 10

1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 13

1.6 Summary and Prospects 19

2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27
Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh

2.1 Introduction 28

2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 29

2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 38

2.4 Characterization 43

2.5 Conclusion 49

3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63
Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya

3.1 Introduction 64

3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 70

3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 72

3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 73

3.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 74

3.6 Factors for BNC Production 77

3.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 80

3.8 Conclusion 83

4 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89
Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 90

4.3 Setup for the Experiment 92

4.4 Principle of the Process 93

4.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 93

4.6 Electrospinning Variations 97

4.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 101

4.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 105

5 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113
Sunita Adak

5.1 Introduction 114

5.2 Nanocellulose 117

5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 125

5.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 131

5.5 Conclusion 134

6 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141
Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal

6.1 Chemical Approach 141

6.2 Enzymatic Approach 146

6.3 Physical Techniques 148

6.4 Conclusion 154

7 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159
Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury

7.1 Introduction 160

7.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 161

7.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 166

7.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 169

7.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 172

7.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 177

7.7 Future Prospects 180

7.8 Conclusion 181

8 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193
B.A. Aderibigbe

8.1 Introduction 194

8.2 Types of Wounds 195

8.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 196

8.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 210

8.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 211

9 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221
Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik

9.1 Introduction 223

9.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 224

9.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 226

9.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 229

9.5 Types of Nanocellulose 232

9.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 235

9.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 239

9.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 241

9.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 243

9.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 249

9.11 Future Perspective 252

9.12 Conclusion 253

10 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267
Moumita Bishai

10.1 Introduction 268

10.2 Nanocellulose 269

10.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 272

10.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 273

10.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 273

10.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 274

10.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 279

10.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 279

11 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297
Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray

11.1 Introduction 298

11.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 299

11.3 Nanocellulose—Concept and Formulation 304

11.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 309

11.5 Conclusion 312

12 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319
Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran

12.1 Introduction 320

12.2 Nanocellulose Overview 321

12.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 327

12.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 328

12.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 330

12.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 331

13 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335
Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather

13.1 Introduction 336

13.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 337

13.3 Cellulose—Origin, Extraction, and Sources 339

13.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 341

13.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 345

13.6 Conclusion 352

14 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359
Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra

14.1 Introduction 359

14.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 362

14.3 Conclusion 368

15 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373
Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami

15.1 Introduction 374

15.2 Cellulose 375

15.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 376

15.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 379

15.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 382

15.6 Conclusion 386

Acknowledgments 386

References 386

Index 391