Handbook of Photosynthesis

Dr. Mohammad Pessarakli, the Editor, is a Research Professor and a Teaching Faculty in the School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. His work at the University of Arizona includes research and extension services as well as teaching courses in Turfgrass Science, Management, and Stress Physiology as well as Plants and Our World course. The Editor of the Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress and the Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology (both titles published by, formerly Marcel Dekker, Inc., currently Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press), Handbook of Photosynthesis, Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology, and Handbook of Cucurbits. He is also a Co-editor of the Silicon and Nano-silicon in Environmental Stress Management and Crop Quality Improvement Progress and Prospects, 1st Edition, Elsevier, Academic Press. Dr. Pessarakli has written over thirty-five (35) book chapters, he is an Editorial Board member of the Journal of Plant Nutrition and Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis as well as the Journal of Agricultural Technology, a member of the Book Review Committee of the Crop Science Society of America, and Reviewer of the Crop Science, Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, and HortScience Journals. He is the author or co-author of over two hundred (200) journal articles and fifty-five (55) trade magazine articles. Dr. Pessarakli is an active member of the Agronomy Society of America, the Crop Science Society of America, and the Soil Science Society of America, among others. He is an executive Board member of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), Arizona Chapter. Dr. Pessarakli is a well-known Internationally recognized Scientist and Scholar and an esteemed member (invited) of Sterling Who’s Who, Marques Who’s Who, Strathmore Who’s Who, Madison Who’s Who, and Continental Who’s Who as well as numerous honor societies (i.e., Phi Kappa Phi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Pi Lambda Theta, Alpha Alpha Chapter). He is a Certified Professional Agronomist and Certified Professional Soil Scientist (CPAg/SS), designated by the American Registry of the Certified Professionals in Agronomy, Crop Science, and Soil Science. Dr. Pessarakli is a United Nations Consultant in Agriculture for underdeveloped countries. He received a B.S. degree (1977) in Environmental Resources in Agriculture and an M.S. degree (1978) in Soil Management and Crop Production from Arizona State University, Tempe, and a Ph.D. degree (1981) in Soil and Water Science from the University of Arizona, Tucson. Dr. Pessarakli’s environmental stress research work and expertise on plants and crops are internationally recognized. For more information about Dr. Pessarakli, the Editor, please visit http://ag.arizona.edu/pls/faculty/pessarakli.htm http://cals.arizona.edu/spls/people/faculty

Section I: Principles of Photosynthesis

Chapter 1 Prolamellar Body - Getting Ready for Photosynthesis (Joanna Wójtowicz, Anna Węgrzyn, Michał Bykowski, Alicja Bukat, Agnieszka Mostowska, Łucja Kowalewska, Poland)

Chapter 2 Nature of Light from the Perspective of a Biologist: What is a Photon?

(Randy O. Wayne, USA)

Chapter 3 Electron Transport and Light-Dependent Pathways of Photosynthesis in

Plants and Cyanobacteria (Armin Saed-Moucheshi, Fatemeh Sohrabi, Farshad Bakhtiar, Fatemeh Ansarshourijeh, Abbas Rezaizad, Islamic Republic of Iran, and Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Section II: Biochemistry of Photosynthesis

Chapter 4 The Thylakoid Ndh Complex (Bartolomé Sabater and Mercedes Martín,

Spain)

Chapter 5 Redox Metabolic Pathways in Plants (Diego G. Arias, Sergio A.

Guerrero, and Alberto A. Iglesias, Argentina)

Chapter 6 Carbonic Anhydrases of Higher Plant Chloroplasts (L.K. Ignatova

N.N., Rudenko, E.M. Nadeeva, B.N. Ivanov, Russia)

Chapter 7 Oxygen as a Double-edged Sword in the Photosynthesis Process (Armin

Saed-Moucheshi, Sirwan Babaei, Fatemeh Ansarshourijeh, Fatemeh Sohrabi, Tohid Najafi Mirak, Islamic Republic of Iran, and Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Chapter 8 Association of Oxygen-Free Radicals with Photosynthetic Processes

(Salar Hafez Ghoran, Armin Saed-Moucheshi, Ali Akbar Mozafari, Islamic Republic of Iran, Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Section III: Molecular Aspects of Photosynthesis: Photosystems,

Photosynthetic Enzymes and Genes

Chapter 9 Cytochrome c6 and Cytochrome c6 -like Proteins (Alejandro Torrado,

Macarena Iniesta-Pallarés, Consolación Álvarez, Vicente Mariscal, and Fernando P. Molina-Heredia, Spain)

Chapter 10 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), nuclear emissaries to the chloroplast

kingdom to modulate plastid gene expression (Fatemeh Aflaki, Czech Republic)

Chapter 11 Photosynthetic Enzyme Cation Co-factors and Regulations (Haibo Liu and

Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Section IV: Climate Change, Atmospheric and Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Chapter 12 Crops Photosynthesis under Climate Change (Amin Fathi, Seyede Roghie

Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Islamic Republic of Iran, Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar, Morocco, Vishnu D. Rajput, Russia)

Chapter 13 Microclimate and Macronutrient In-season Variations Influence Fruit Crop

Growth and Photosynthesis (Hong Li, China)

Section V: Photosynthesis in Lower and Monocellular Plants

Chapter 14 Structural and Functional Studies and Potential Applications of the

Cytochrome bc1 Complex from Photosynthetic Purple Bacteria (Lothar Esser, Jingyu Zhang, Chang-An Yu, and Di Xia, USA)

Chapter 15 Photosynthetic Apparatus in Cyanobacteria and Microalgae (Isabella

Moro, Nicoletta La Rocca, Mariano Battistuzzi, and Nicoletta Rascio, Italy)

Chapter 16 Cyanobacteria and Microalgae Responses to Different Light Regimes

and CO2 Availability (Nicoletta La Rocca, Isabella Moro, Mariano Battistuzzi, Nicoletta Rascio, Italy)

Chapter 17 Rethinking the Limitations of Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria

(Yehouda Marcus, Israel)

Chapter 18 Bacteriochlorophyll Fluorescence as a Monitor of Electronic

States and Processes in Photosynthetic Bacteria (Maróti Péter, Hungary)

Section VI: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Chapter 19 Forage Crops and Their Photosynthesis (M. Anowarul Islam and

Albert T. Adjesiwor, USA)

Chapter 20 A Few Turfgrass Photosynthesis Factors and Practical Management

(Haibo Liu and Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Chapter 21 Photosynthesis in Non-green Leaves (Raquel Esteban and José

Ignacio García-Plazaola, Spain)

Section VII: Photosynthesis and Plant/Crop Productivity and Photosynthetic

Products

Chapter 22 Partitioning of Photoassimilates in Plants (Matías Daniel Hartman,

Bruno Ezequiel Rojas, Carlos María Figueroa, and Alberto Álvaro Iglesias, Argentina)

Section VIII (New): Influence of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesis

Chapter 23 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Photosynthesis (Reyhaneh Azimi,

Islamic Republic of Iran)

Section IX: Photosynthetic Activity Measurements and Analysis of

Photosynthetic Pigments and Phenotyping

Chapter 24 Quantifying Daily Growth Patterns Non-destructively Using Whole-

Plant CO2 and H2O Exchange Is a Powerful Tool for Phenotyping

(Evangelos D. Leonardos, Telesphore R.J.G. Marie, and Bernard Grodzinski, Canada)

Chapter 25 Using whole-plant diurnal transpiration and remotely sensed thermal

indices to phenotype circadian rhythm traits (Telesphore R.J.G. Marie, Evangelos D. Leonardos, and Bernard Grodzinski, Canada)

Section X: Photosynthesis under Environmental Stress (Abiotic and Biotic Stress) Conditions

Chapter 26 Effects of Abiotic Stresses on Photosynthesis Apparatus in Plants

(Fatemeh Sohrabi, Armin Saed-Moucheshi, Zhale Saed-Moucheshi, Islamic Republic of Iran, and Mohammad Pessarakli, USA)

Chapter 27 Photosynthesis in Plants under Stressful Conditions (Pallavi Sharma and

Rama Shanker Dubey, India)

Chapter 28 Photosynthesis in Cereals under Drought Stress (Amin Fathi, Seyede

Roghie Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Islamic Republic of Iran, Farzad Kianersi, Canada, Muhammad Ahsan Altaf, China, Ebrahim Amiri, and Ezatollah Nabati, Islamic Republic of Iran)

Chapter 29 Needle-age-dependent Photosynthesis of Evergreen Conifer Trees under

Drought Stress (Piotr Robakowski, Poland)

Chapter 30 Plant Growth, Development, and Photosynthesis in Cereals under Salt

Stress (Amin Fathi, Seyede Roghie Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Baber Ali, Ehsan Zeidali, Islamic Republic of Iran)

Chapter 31 Physiology of Photosynthesis under High-Temperature Stress in Plants

(Muhammad Farooq, Oman & Australia, Abdul Rehman, Abdul Wahid, Pakistan, and Kadambot H.M. Siddique, Australia)

Chapter 32 Photosynthetic Response of Common Bean and Tepary Bean Genotypes

Grown Under the Combined Stress Conditions of Acid Soil and High Temperature (Juan Carlos Suárez and Idupulapati Madhusudana Rao, Colombia)

Chapter 33 Photosynthesis in Plants under Cold Stress (Amin Fathi, Seyede Roghie

Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Islamic Republic of Iran, Noreen Zahra, Pakistan, and Muhammad Farooq, Oman)

Chapter 34 Effects of Environmental Abiotic Stresses on Photosynthetic Pigments’

Concentrations in Various Plant Species (Davoud Akhzari, Islamic Republic of Iran and Mohammad Pessarak, USA)

Section XI (New): Protection of Photosynthesis System and Stress Alleviation

Strategies by Photosynthates Manipulations and Photosynthesis Efficiency in Plants under Multiple Abiotic and Biotic Stressors

Chapter 35 Photosynthetic Strategies of Desiccation-tolerant Organisms from a

Functional Perspective (Beatriz Fernández-Marín, Miquel Nadal, Alicia Victoria Perera-Castro, and José Ignacio García-Plazaola, Spain)

Chapter 36 Crop Adaptation to Climate Change: Improvements in Photosynthesis

(Seyede Roghie Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Amin Fathi, Reza Rahimi, and Saadat DahPahlavan, Islamic Republic of Iran)

Chapter 37 Adjustment of Photosynthetic System Performance under Oxidative

Stress (Amir Hossein Saeidnejad, Islamic Republic of Iran)

Chapter 38 Photosynthesis Efficiency and Status of Photosynthetic Components

under Biotic Stresses (Armin Saed-Moucheshi, Fatemeh Barzegar Marvasti, Asma Moeinzadeh, Fatemeh Ansarshourijeh, Amir Tabarzad, Islamic Republic of Iran, Mohammad Pessarakli, USA, Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Bangladesh)

Chapter 39 Plants Photosynthesis Efficiency under Environmental Stresses: Probed by

Chlorophyll a Fluorescence (Ramin Lotfi and Farzaneh Eslami Senoukesh, Islamic Republic of Iran)

Section XII: Photosynthesis in the Past, Present, and Future

Chapter 40 How a single Chloroplast psbA Gene Mutation Changed World

Agriculture (John Dekker, USA)

Chapter 41 The Next Evolution of Agriculture: A Review of Innovations in Plant

Factories (Christopher P. Levine, Lie Li, and Wataru Yamori, Japan)

Chapter 42 Strategies for Optimizing Photosynthesis with Biotechnology to Improve

Crop Yield (Wataru Yamori, Louis J Irving, Shunsuke Adachi, Japan, and Florian A. Busch, United Kingdom)

Section XIII: Artificial Photosynthesis and Its Future

Chapter 43 Artificial Photosynthesis Development, Promises, and Challenges

(Mohammad Pessarakli and Haibo Liu USA)