Water and Wastewater Engineering, Volume 1

Lawrence K. Wang has worked for decades in industrial, academic, and policy roles related to water treatment and water supply, including as a Senior Advisor to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and as a Delegate of the People to People International Foundation. He is a licensed Professional Engineer, a certified Laboratory Director, an OSHA Hazardous Waste Management Instructor, a vastly prolific author, and the holder of 29 patents. Mu-Hao Sung Wang is a Licensed Professional Engineer and a Diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE). She has published widely on water quality, waste management, environmental sustainability, and related subjects, and holds 14 patents. Nazih K. Shammas worked for over 45 years as an environmental consultant and academic. He served as Dean of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and as an advisor to Krofta Engineering Corporation, USA. He published widely on environmental engineering subjects, with particular expertise in water quality control, wastewater reclamation, pollution prevention, and waste management.

About the Authors xxi

Preface xxii

Dedication and Acknowledgments xxv

About the Companion Website xxvi

1 Introduction to Water Systems 1

2 Water Sources: Surface Water 23

3 Water Sources: Groundwater 50

4 Quantities of Water and Wastewater Flows 98

5 Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and Appurtenances 131

6 Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation 209

7 Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 245

8 Pumping, Storage, Dual Water Systems, and Distribution System Management 279

9 Cross-connection Control 311

10 Introduction to Wastewater Systems 342

11 Hydrology: Rainfall and Runoff 362

12 Urban Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow Management 399

13 Hydraulics of Sewer Systems 447

14 Design of Sewer Systems 486

15 Sewerage Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 542

16 Sewer Material, Appurtenances, and Maintenance 581

17 Trenchless Technology and Sewer System Rehabilitation 623

18 Alternative Wastewater Collection Systems 647

19 Engineering Projects Management 684

20 Prevention Through Design and System Safety 699

Appendix 1 Nomenclature and Abbreviations 739

Appendix 2 Units 743

Appendix 3 Physical Properties of Water 750

Appendix 4 Vapor Pressure and Surface Tension of Water in Contact with Air 753

Appendix 5 Area Under the Normal Probability Curve 754

Appendix 6 Flow Velocity and Discharge Rate for Pipes Flowing Full 756

Appendix 7 Flow Velocity and Discharge Rate for Pipes Flowing Full 757

Appendix 8 Minimum Grades and Capacities of Circular Conduits Flowing Full 758

Appendix 9 Hydraulic Elements of Circular Conduits 759

Appendix 10 Basic Hydraulic Elements of Circular Conduits for All Values of Roughness and Slope 760

Appendix 11 Hydraulic Elements of Circular Conduits with Equal Self-Cleansing Properties at All Depths 761

Appendix 12 Values of Hydraulic Elements in Circular Conduits 762

Appendix 13 Alternate Stages and Critical Depths of Flow in Circular Conduits 763

Appendix 14 Nomograms for Solution of Hazen–Williams Pipe Flow Equation 764

Appendix 15 Nomograms for Solution of Manning’s Equation for Pipes Flowing Full 770

Appendix 16 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Construction Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities 776

Appendix 17 Equivalent Pipe Length to Head Loss in Fittings 777

Appendix 18 Simplified Overland Flow Time Determination for Urban Drainage 778

Appendix 19 Loss Coefficients for Transitions and Fittings 779

Index 781