Central and South-Eastern Europe 2024

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Othon Anastasakis. Director, European Studies Centre and Director, South East European Studies at University of Oxford, and Senior Research Fellow, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Daunis Auers. Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia. Will Bartlett. Deputy Director, LSE Research on Southeast Europe, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, London, United Kingdom. Dimitar Bechev. Lecturer, Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and visiting scholar, Carnegie Europe, Brussels, Belgium. Klodiana Beshku. Lecturer in Geopolitics and International Relations, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania. Florian Bieber. Professor of Southeast European History and Politics, Director of the Centre for Southeast European Studies, and Co-ordinator, Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG), University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Daniela Bobeva. Professor at the University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship, Sofia, Bulgaria. Cathie Carmichael. Professor of European History, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. Jovan Ðurašković. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro. Indra Ekmanis. Non-resident Baltic Sea Fellow, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Lenka Filipová. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, VSB Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. Tom Gallagher. Emeritus Professor, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom. Kęstutis Girnius. Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Karen Henderson. University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia. Marko Attila Hoare. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Andres Kasekamp. Professor of History and Chair. of Estonian Studies at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Milena Konatar. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro. Cvete Koneska. Head of Advisory at Dragonfly Intelligence, London, United Kingdom. Filip Kostelka. Chair in Political and Social Change, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy, and Professor and Senior Lecturer, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom. Claudia Laštro. Teaching Assistant, Centre for Southeast European Studies, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. David Lea. Political and economic analyst specializing in European affairs. Anita Prazmowska. Professor of International History, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, London, United Kingdom. Tena Prelec. Centre for Advanced Studies Southeast Europe, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. Mariola Pytliková. Assistant Professor, Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CERGE-EI), Prague, Czech Republic. Andrew Ryder. Political and economic analyst, researcher and consultant on regional economic development, regional geography and sustainability; and retired lecturer, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. Gábor Scheiring. Marie Curie Fellow at the Department of Social and Political Sciences and the Dondena Centre, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy. Tobias Spöri. Researcher, Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Sandis Šrāders. Lecturer, Baltic Defence College, Tartu, Estonia, and Researcher, Centre for Security and Strategic Research, Latvian National Defence Academy, Rīga, Latvia. Marcus Tanner. Journalist and author. Alen Toplišek. Senior Lecturer in Global Affairs and Politics, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom. Luca J. Uberti. Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics, Management and Statistics at the University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Anastas Vangeli. Assistant Professor, School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Urmas Varblane. Professor of International Business, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. Máté Veres. Political and economic analyst based in Budapest, Hungary. Anna Visvizi. Associate Professor, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland, and Fellow, Hellenic Institute of Growth and Prosperity, American College of Greece, Athens, Greece. Emilia Zankina. Dean, Temple University Rome, Rome, Italy.

PART ONE General Survey

Divided Democracies in the Visegrad Four

KAREN HENDERSON

The Impact of the People’s Republic of China in South-Eastern Europe

ANASTAS VANGELI

Russian Influence in South-Eastern Europe

DIMITAR BECHEV

The Baltic Transformation: From Communist Subjugation to Democratic Sovereignty

SANDIS ŠRĀDERS

Modern Greece in South-Eastern Europe

OTHON ANASTASAKIS

Appendix 1: The Religions of the Region

Appendix 2: The Kaliningrad Region

PART TWO Country Surveys

Sections on geography, chronology, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country

ALBANIA

History

KLODIANA BESHKU

Economy

LUCA J. UBERTI

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

History

MARKO ATTILA HOARE

Economy

WILL BARTLETT

BULGARIA

History

EMILIA ZANKINA

Economy

DANIELA BOBEVA (revised by the editorial staff)

CROATIA

History

MARCUS TANNER

Economy

TENA PRELEC

THE CZECH REPUBLIC (CZECHIA)

History

FILIP KOSTELKA

Economy

LENKA FILIPOVÁ and Dr MARIOLA PYTLIKOVÁ

ESTONIA

History

ANDRES KASEKAMP

Economy

URMAS VARBLANE

GREECE

History

DAVID LEA

Economy

DAVID LEA

HUNGARY

History

TOBIAS SPÖRI

Economy

GÁBOR SCHEIRING and Dr MÁTÉ VERES

KOSOVO

History

OTHON ANASTASAKIS

Economy

LUCA J. UBERTI

LATVIA

History

INDRA EKMANIS

Economy

DAUNIS AUERS

LITHUANIA

History

KĘSTUTIS GIRNIUS

Economy

KĘSTUTIS GIRNIUS (revised by CVETE KONESKA)

MONTENEGRO

History

FLORIAN BIEBER (revised by CLAUDIA LAŠTRO)

Economy

MILENA KONATAR AND JOVAN ƉURAŠKOVIĆ

NORTH MACEDONIA

History

DIMITAR BECHEV

Economy

WILL BARTLETT

POLAND

History

ANITA J. PRAZMOWSKA

Economy

ANNA VISVIZI

ROMANIA

History

TOM GALLAGHER

Economy

CVETE KONESKA

SERBIA

History

MARKO ATTILA HOARE

Economy

CVETE KONESKA

Autonomous Province:

Vojvodina

Bibliography

SLOVAKIA

History

ANDREW RYDER

Economy

ANDREW RYDER

SLOVENIA

History

CATHIE CARMICHAEL

Economy

ALEN TOPLIŠEK

PART THREE Who’s Who of Central and South-Eastern Europe

PART FOUR Regional Information

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)

Index of Regional Organizations