Artificial Intelligence in Brain and Mental Health: Philosophical, Ethical & Policy Issues

Dr. Fabrice Jotterand, PhD, MA, is Professor of Bioethics and Medical Humanities and Director of the Graduate Program in Bioethics at the Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Medical College of Wisconsin. He holds a second appointment as Senior Researcher at the Institute for Biomedical Ethics at the University of Basel, Switzerland. He is also the resident philosopher at the MCW Kern Institute where he directs the Philosophies of Medical Education Transformation Laboratory (P-METaL). His work examines the importance of character formation and practical wisdom in the moral development of future physicians as well as how the philosophy of medicine contributes to medical professionalism.His experience as an educator has been fostered by more than fifteen years of teaching courses in neuroethics, bioethics, and medical humanities. Dr. Jotterand’s scholarship and research interests focus on issues including neuroethics, the use of neurotechnologies in psychiatry, neurotechnologies and human identity, the philosophy of medicine and medical professionalism, and bioethics and moral/political philosophy. He has published more than 60 articles and book chapters as well as reviews in leading academic journals and has published five books. He is currently completing a book manuscript entitled The Unfit Brain and the Limits of Moral Bioenhancement that focuses on the ethical and social implications of the potential use of neurotechnologies in psychiatry to alter brain functions to address so-called “moral pathologies” (antisocial, aggressive, and harmful behavior; psychopathic traits). Dr. Marcello Ienca is a Principal Investigator at the College of Humanities (CDH) at EPFL, Switzerland, where he leads the Intelligent Systems Ethics Group. His research focuses on the ethical, legal and social implications of neurotechnology and artificial intelligence, with particular focus on big data trends in neuroscience and biomedicine, neurorights, human-computer interaction, social robotics, digital health and cognitive assistance for people with intellectual disabilities. He is interested in comparative approaches to the study of human and artificial cognition. Ienca is the PI of multi-disciplinary federal and cross-national research projects and has received several awards for social responsibility in science and technology such as the Prize Pato de Carvalho (Portugal), the Vontobel Award for Ageing Research (Switzerland), and the Paul Schotsmans Prize from the European Association of Centres of Medical Ethics (EACME). He has authored one monograph, one edited volume (Intelligent Assistive Technologies for Dementia, Oxford University Press, 2019), +60 scientific articles in peer-review journals, several book chapters and science communication essays. His research was featured in academic journals such as Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Machine Intelligence, Neuron, the Lancet Digital Health, the American Journal of Bioethics and media outlets such as Nature, The New Yorker, The Guardian, The Times, Die Welt, The Independent, the Financial Times and others. Ienca is serving as appointed member or expert advisor in a number of national and international governance bodies including the Steering Group on Neurotechnology and Society of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD) and the Council of Europe’s Bioethics Committee. 

Introduction.- Part I Scientific Considerations and Challenges: AI-augmented neuroimaging.- AI analytics in brain cancer screening.- AI analytics to detect pre-symptomatic dementia.- AI analytics in schizophrenia.- Wearables, mHealth and mental health monitoring.- Prevention of mental disorders through social media.- The brain health modeling initiative and the promise of AI.- Assistive robotics for dementia and mild cognitive impairment.- Telehealth and robotherapy in psychiatry.- Robot-assisted neurorehabilitation.- Brain-computer interfaces and AI-mediated neuromodulation.- Part III . Ethical Legal and Social Implications: Mental Privacy.- Algorithmic transparency - Measurement bias and ethical bias.- Discrimination and stigma.- Informed Consent.- Minimal risk.- Fairness and Research Allocation.- The black-box problem of medical AI.- The transformation of therapeutic relationships.- The role of IRBs.- The ethics of automated medical decision-making.- Accountability and Responsibility.- Designing moral technologies for brain and mental health.- AI and Human Beings: Philosophical and Ethical Perspectives.- Part III Policy Perspectives: Current regulatory frameworks in North America.- Gaps in existing regulations.- Policy and law of AI in China.- Deontology and best practices.- Regulation of AI industry.- AI in the developing world: a global justice perspective.- Regulation of AI in Europe.- Conclusion - Towards an ethical framework for AI in brain and mental health.