MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites

Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic. He has over 18 years of research experience in the synthesis, characterization and investigations of structure-property relationships of a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. Moreover, he has actively participated and presented his research work at several international conferences. Mayank Pandey, PhD, is a materials physicist and an electronic researcher, with an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based polymeric composites, polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends and composite electrolytes, organic semiconductor/organic solar cells and their impedance spectroscopy analysis. He has also contributed to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published over 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals and 5 book chapters. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Preface xv

1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications 1
Sudipta Goswami and Chandan Kumar Ghosh

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Fundamentals 2

1.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes 6

1.4 Synthesis Methods 8

1.5 Applications 19

1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 32

2 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes 39
Kaili Gong, Lian Yin and Keqing Zhou

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 HF Etching Method 40

2.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method 43

2.4 Molten Salt Etching Method 49

2.5 Electrochemical Etching Method 52

2.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method 55

2.7 Alkali Etching Method 58

2.8 Other Etching Methods 59

2.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene 62

2.10 Conclusion 65

3 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes 71
Lekshmi A. G., Rejithamol. R., Santhy A., Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna and Appukuttan Saritha

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes 72

3.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes 77

3.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes 83

3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 96

4 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes 107
Deepthi Jayan K. and Ragin Ramdas M.

4.1 Introduction 108

4.2 Structure of MXenes 109

4.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes 110

4.4 Electronic Properties 112

4.5 Electrical Properties 122

4.6 Optical Properties 130

4.7 Conclusion 138

5 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 147
R. Ghamsarizade, B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo and N. Mehranshad

5.1 Introduction 147

5.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes 150

5.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes 162

5.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes 171

5.5 Conclusion 178

6 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications 185
Zhenting Yin, Pengfei Jia and Bibo Wang

6.1 Introduction 185

6.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing 187

6.3 Properties 193

6.4 Applications 203

6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 209

7 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites 221
Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Praveen Kumar Sharma and Ashish Kumar

7.1 Introduction 223

7.2 Overview of MXene 225

7.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites 225

7.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods 227

7.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites 230

7.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites 244

7.7 Conclusion and Outlook 247

8 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications 257
Karuppasamy P., Sennappan M., Hemavathi B., Manjunath H. R. and Anjanpura V. Raghu

8.1 Introduction 257

8.2 Synthesis of MXene 258

8.3 Modification Strategies of MXene 263

8.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites 264

8.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite 266

8.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials 274

8.7 Conclusion 280

9 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 287
B. D. S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph

9.1 Introduction to MXenes 287

9.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 292

9.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 294

9.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials 296

9.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 297

9.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives 304

9.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 311

10 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications 321
Anju C.

10.1 Introduction 321

10.2 MXene-Polymer Composites 323

10.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 327

10.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 350

10.5 Conclusion 350

11 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection 359
Sachin Karki, Rajashree Bhuyan, Sachin R. Geed and Pravin G. Ingole

11.1 Introduction 359

11.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 361

11.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 367

11.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications 369

11.5 Future Directions 379

11.6 Conclusion 380

12 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors 389
J. Aarthi, K. Selvaraju, S. Gowri, K. Kirubavathi and Ananthakumar Ramadoss

12.1 Introduction 389

12.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor 391

12.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors 393

12.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors 401

12.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor 411

12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 416

13 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications 423
Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan, Subba Rao V. Madhunapantula and Ravishankar Rai Vittal

13.1 Introduction to MXenes 423

13.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties 424

13.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes 426

13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 450

14 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 459
Anjana Sreekumar, Ajil R. Nair, Akhila Raman, Akhil Sivan, Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh and Saritha Appukuttan

14.1 Introduction 459

14.2 Preparation 461

14.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites 467

14.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination 472

14.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 491

15 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation 501
S. Manobalan and T. P. Sumangala

15.1 Introduction 501

15.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane 503

15.3 Pervaporation 512

15.4 Gas Separation 529

15.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539

Acknowledgement 540

References 540

Index 547