Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing and Climate Change (eBook)

Saumitra Mukherjee, Professor, Geology and Remote Sensing, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

Preface viii

Acknowledgments ix

1 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 1

1.1 Introduction 1

2 Principles of Remote Sensing of Sun-Earth Climate 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 SEVAN Data Interpretation for Solar Influence on Climate Change 9

2.3 Changes Within the Sun in 24 Hours and Its Effect on the Environment of the Earth 12

3 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing Satellites 17

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Workstation Requirements 20

3.3 Sun Heliophysical Observatory (SOHO) Interdisciplinary Science Matrix 21

4 Extraterrestrial Satellite Data Collection and Interpretation 28

4.1 Introduction 28

4.2 The Sunspot Activities 34

4.2.1 Solar Flares Behave Like a Twinkling Butterfly 34

5 Terrestrial Satellite Data Correlation with Extraterrestrial Satellite Data 40

5.1 Morphological Units 42

5.2 Terrestrial Correlation 42

5.3 Geomorphology of Terrestrial Analogue 43

5.4 Landform Features of Terrestrial Analogue 44

5.5 Terrain Roughness Index 44

5.6 Mineralogy of Soil Samples 45

5.7 Exploration Missions 46

6 Solar Eclipse and Climate Change 51

6.1 Introduction 51

6.2 The Data Interpretation 51

6.2.1 Tropospheric NO2 Data 52

6.2.2 Aerosol Data 52

6.2.3 Cloud Data 53

6.2.4 Cosmic Ray Data 53

6.2.5 Electron Flux Data 53

7 Snowfall Influenced by the Changes in the Sun 65

7.1 Introduction 65

7.2 Sun-Earth Cosmic Connection in Glacier and Snowfall 66

7.3 Star-Sun Influence on the Earth's Atmosphere 68

8 Rainfall Prediction by Cosmic Ray Variability 74

8.1 Introduction 74

8.2 Cosmic Rays and Rainfall 74

8.3 JNU, New Delhi, India, Showing Sudden Rise in Cosmic Particle Count Rate on 10 April 2012 77

8.4 Influence of Solar Activity onWeather Prediction 79

9 Earthquake Prediction by Using Solar and Cosmic Ray Data 83

9.1 Introduction 83

9.2 National Capital Region, India: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 83

9.3 Gujarat, Kutch, India Region: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 86

10 Global Warming and Changes in the Sun 92

10.1 Introduction 92

10.2 Impact of Solar Changes on GlobalWarming 93

10.3 Arguments in Contradiction to the View of GlobalWarming 102

11 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing of Planets 105

11.1 Introduction 105

11.2 Radio Emissions of JupiterWere Inferred to Establish Its Magnetic Field 106

11.3 Planets Influenced by Pleiades 109

11.4 Influence of the Solar Storms Affects Saturn 111

12 Remote Sensing of the Moon of the Earth 114

12.1 Landing Site Selection Based on Morphology and Mineralogy of the Basin 121

12.2 Morphological Study of the Crater 126

12.2.1 Fractures on Crater Floor 126

12.2.2 Central Peak 126

12.2.3 TerracedWalls 126

12.2.4 Rampart Crater 127

12.2.5 Formation of Catena Krafft 127

12.2.6 Rays Around the Crater 129

12.3 Morphological Variations in Light of Mineralogy of the Study Area 129

References 131

Further Reading 132

13 Remote Sensing of Mars 134

Further Reading 141

14 Future of Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 146

14.1 Introduction 146

14.2 High-resolution Extraterrestrial Investigation 147

14.3 Ionosphere Monitoring Satellite 149

Further Reading 156

Index 159