One Health

Meththika Vithanage, PhD, is a Professor and founder of the Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. She was listed as a Highly Cited Researcher and Top 2% of the most cited scientists across various disciplines globally. She has published more than 200 articles, and her focus is on environmental remediation, biochar and microplastics. Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, PhD, is Honorary Emeritus Professor in the Department of Plant Science, University of Hyderabad, India. He has published about 230 papers and edited 40 books, and ranked in top 2% of global scientists consecutively for three years (2020-2022). A recipient of the Pitamber Pant National Environment Fellowship of 2007 from the Government of India, he also received the Excellent Scholar Award of the XIX International Botanical Congress 2017, Shenzhen, China.

List of Contributors xix

Preface xxv

Section I One Health Approach 1

1 The Need for One Health Approach at the Recent Anthropocene 3
Novil Wijeskara

1.1 Anthropocene 3

1.2 Infectious Diseases: Animals to Humans 3

1.3 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 3

1.4 Definition of One Health 6

1.5 Other Paradigms to One Health 8

1.6 One Health Fundamentals 8

1.7 International Health Regulations and Its Evaluation Mechanisms 9

1.8 Global Health Security Agenda 10

1.9 COVID-19 and One Health 13

1.10 Road Map for One Health 15

1.11 Challenges of One Health Approach 15

Acknowledgment 16

References 16

2 Emergence and Re-emergence of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs): Looking at “One Health” Through the Lens of Ecology 19
Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Progya Mukherjee, Meththika Vithanage, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Emerging Infectious Diseases 20

2.3 Genesis of EIDs: Tracing from Natural History 20

2.4 Global Trends of EIDs 22

2.5 Changes in Pathogen, Vector, and Human Ecology: A Faustian Bargain for EIDs 23

2.6 Forests and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Unleashing the Beast Within 27

2.7 Humans as the Dominant Driver of Emergence and Resurgence of EIDs 29

2.8 Global Warming and EIDs 30

2.9 COVID-19: The Latest Avatar of the EID 32

2.10 Mitigation 33

2.11 Conclusion 34

References 35

3 Environmental Interfaces for One Health 39
Rasika Jinadasa

3.1 Environment is the Most Dynamic Component of the One Health Triad 39

3.2 Anthropogenic Alteration of Natural Landscapes Reduces Biodiversity and Promotes Emergence and Spread of Infectious Diseases 39

3.3 Climate Change Modify the Behavior of Reservoir Species of Zoonotic Pathogens and the Viability of the Pathogens in the Environment 40

3.4 Urbanization Creates Novel Habitats for Adaptable Species and New Niches for Diseases 41

3.5 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Is One of the Largest Threats to Global Public Health 41

3.6 Transmission Dynamics of AMR in the Environmental and Wildlife Are Less Understood, or Neglected 41

3.7 Major Anthropogenic Drivers of Zoonotic Disease Emergence Also Drives the Emergence and Spread of AMR in Environment 42

3.8 Food-Producing Environments Play a Critical Role in the Emergence and Spread of AMR 42

3.9 Wildlife Also Plays a Very Significant Role in the Ecology and Dissemination of AMR 43

3.10 AMR is Not Monitored Regularly Using Standard Methods 43

3.11 Global and National Action Plans on AMR 44

References 44

4 Zoonoses: The Rising Threat to Human Health 49
B.G.D.N.K. de Silva, H. Harischandra, and S.U. Nimalratna

4.1 What is a Zoonotic Disease? 49

4.2 Classification of Zoonotic Diseases 50

4.3 Direct Contact 53

4.4 Indirect Contact 54

4.5 Who Is at Risk of Zoonoses? 59

4.6 Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Reemergence of Zoonotic Diseases 60

4.7 Prevention of Zoonotic Diseases 61

4.8 One Health Initiative 61

References 62

5 Microplastics in Soil and Water: Vector Behavior 63
Ewa Wiśniowska

5.1 Introduction 63

5.2 Concentrations of Inorganic Pollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 65

5.3 Concentrations of Organic Micropollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 67

5.4 Microplastics as Source of Plastic Additives and Decomposition Products 69

5.5 Microplastics as a Base for Microorganisms Growth 70

5.6 Conclusions 71

References 71

Section II Environmental Domains for One Health 75

6 Cyanotoxin in Hydrosphere and Human Interface 77
Dhammika N. Magana-Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge

6.1 Introduction 77

6.2 Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 77

6.3 Modes of Human Exposure to Cyanotoxins and Illnesses Associated with Cyanotoxins 81

6.4 The Future Directions for Effective Risk Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria 83

6.5 Conclusion 84

Acknowledgment 84

References 84

7 Contributions to One Health Approach to Solve Geogenic Health Issues 87
Rohana Chandrajith and Johannes A.C. Barth

7.1 Introduction 87

7.2 Medical Geology – Historical Perspective 88

7.3 Pathways of Elements in the Geoenvironment 88

7.4 The Hydrologic Cycle and One Health 90

7.5 Geology and Health – Some Examples 91

7.6 Conclusions 93

References 93

8 Disasters: Health and Environment Interphase 97
Novil Wijeskara

8.1 Key Terminology on Disasters 97

8.2 Effects of Disasters on Environment and Health 103

8.3 Managing Natural Disasters to Minimize Effects on Human Health 106

8.4 Shifting the Focus: Response to Disaster Risk Management 107

8.5 Resilience: A New Paradigm 108

8.6 Areas for Future Research and Practice 110

Acknowledgment 111

References 111

9 Role of Microorganisms in Bioavailability of Soil Pollutants 113
H.M.S.P. Madawala

9.1 Introduction 113

9.2 Soil Pollution: The Global Scenario 114

9.3 Types of Soil Pollutants 115

9.4 Emerging Pollutants 115

9.5 Fates of Soil Pollutants 116

9.6 Why Microbes? 116

9.7 Organic Soil Pollutants 117

9.8 Potentially Toxic Elements (Heavy Metals) 120

9.9 Microplastics 122

9.9.1 Nanomaterials 123

9.10 A Final Inference 123

References 124

10 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Migration from Water to Soil–Plant Systems, Health Risks, and Implications for Remediation 133
Viraj Gunarathne, Meththika Vithanage, and Jörg Rinklebe

10.1 Introduction 133

10.2 Sources of PFAS Contamination 134

10.3 Biotransformation of PFAS 135

10.4 Transportation and Occurrence of PFAS in Water Resources 136

10.5 PFAS in Soil and Interactions 137

10.6 Plant Interactions and Uptake of PFAS 138

10.7 Health Risks of PFAS 140

10.8 Implications for Remediation 140

10.9 Recommendations and Future Research Directions 141

References 142

11 One Health Relationships in Microbe–Human Domain 147
Nimroth Ambanpola, Kapila N. Seneviratne, and Nimanthi Jayathilaka

11.1 Microbial Domain in Human 147

11.2 Normal Bacterial Makeup of the Body 147

11.3 How Microbiome Impact on Human Health and Homeostasis 149

11.4 Factors That Influence the Microbial Domain Due to Interactions Between Humans, Animals, Plants, and Our Environment 153

11.5 One Health Threats 154

11.6 Animals as Early Warning Signs of Potential Human Illness 155

11.7 Tools for Studying the Shared Microbiome 155

11.8 Concluding Remarks 158

References 158

12 Biomedical Waste During COVID-19: Status, Management, and Treatment 161
Sanchayita Rajkhowa and Jyotirmoy Sarma

12.1 Introduction 161

12.2 Composition of Healthcare Waste 162

12.3 Waste Management Strategies During COVID-19 Pandemic 163

12.4 Treatment of BMW During COVID-19 164

12.5 Healthcare Solid Waste Treatment Techniques 165

12.6 Future Aspects and Conclusion 166

References 167

13 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Disease Transmission: Learning from COVID-19 Data 169
Naleen Chaminda Ganegoda, Dipo Aldila, and Karunia Putra Wijaya

13.1 Introduction 169

13.2 Data Processing 170

13.3 Spatial Autocorrelation 170

13.4 Spatiotemporal Analysis 176

13.5 Discussion 179

Acknowledgments 182

References 182

14 Organic Farming: The Influence on Soil Health 185
Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, Bhagya Nallaperuma, and Niwantha Kanuwana

14.1 Introduction 185

14.2 Soil Health 186

14.3 Organic Farming Affecting Soil Health: Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties 188

14.4 Organic Farming Toward One Health 192

14.5 Challenges, Trends, and Prospects 194

References 194

15 Chronic Kidney Disease with Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka: Selected Case Studies 199
Saranga Diyabalanage and Rohana Chandrajith

15.1 Introduction 199

15.2 Prevalence of CKDu in Sri Lanka 199

15.3 Etiology of CKDu 200

15.4 Influence of Hydro-geochemical Quality of Drinking Water 202

15.5 Influence of Biochemical Factors on CKDu 206

15.6 Future Directions 207

References 207

16 Waste in One Health: Building Resilient Communities Through Sustainable Waste Management 211
Randika Jayasinghe, Pabasari Arundathi Koliyabandara, and Meththika Vithanage

16.1 Introduction 211

16.2 Waste and Environmental Health 211

16.3 Waste and Human Health 213

16.4 Waste and Animal Health 213

16.5 Waste Management During and Post- COVID- 19 Pandemic 214

16.6 Futuristic Approaches in Waste Management 215

16.7 Final Remarks 217

References 217

17 One Health Approach for Eye Care: Is It a Boon or Hype 221
Narayanan Janakiraman, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, Dhanashree Ratra, and Sailaja V. Elchuri

Abbreviations 221

17.1 Introduction 221

17.2 Eye – The Visual Organ 222

17.3 Eye Diseases 222

17.4 Cornea and Its Diseases 223

17.5 Types of Corneal Injuries 224

17.6 Retina and Its Diseases 225

17.7 Environmental Effect on Eye Diseases 232

17.8 Microbes and Eye Diseases 233

17.9 Eye Cancers and Environment 233

17.10 Eye Diseases and COVID Infection 234

17.11 Role of Community Screening by Optometrists 235

17.12 Role of Community Awareness Programs 236

17.13 The Role of Green Landscapes in Eye Health 236

17.14 Ocular Health and One Health Approach 236

References 236

18 Wastes in One Health – African Perspective 243
R.M. Nalwanga, M. Kaziro, J. Nattabi, V. Kantono, J. Kyayesimira, and F. Muheirwe

18.1 Introduction 243

18.2 Waste Categorization 243

18.3 Plastics 244

18.4 Domestic Garbage 244

18.5 Liquid Waste 244

18.6 Radioactive Waste 244

18.7 Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (e- Waste) 245

18.8 Drivers of Wastes Generation in Africa 245

18.9 Poor Handling Practices of Wastes 245

18.10 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Wastes in One Health 246

18.11 Environmental Degradation of Improper Waste Disposal 246

18.12 Impact of Exposure to Waste on Human Health 246

18.13 Contemporary Issues: Waste Management and Antimicrobial Resistance 248

18.14 Waste Management Practices 249

18.15 Actionable Recommendations on Waste in One Health 250

References 250

19 Endocrine Disruptors and Female Reproductive Health: A Problem to Tackle with One Health Perspective 255
Luhan Jiang, Kai-Fai Lee, and Suranga P. Kodithuwakku

19.1 Introduction 255

19.2 Endocrine Disruptors 256

19.3 Human Female Reproductive Tract 257

19.4 Mitigating the Exposure/Impact of EDCs and Future Research Through the “One Health” Approach 265

19.5 Concluding Remarks 265

References 266

20 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia: Challenges of One Health 273
T.M.A.H. Tennakoon and K.K. Wijesundera

20.1 One Health Concept 273

20.2 Zoonoses 274

20.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia 275

20.4 Challenges of Implementing One Health in South Asia 280

20.5 Conclusion 282

Acknowledgments 282

References 282

21 Impacts of Crop Protection Practices on Human Infectious Diseases: Agroecology as the Preferred Strategy to Integrate Crop Plant Health Within the Extended “One Health” Framework 287
Alain Ratnadass, Peninna Deberdt, Thibaud Martin, Mathilde Sester, and Jean-Philippe Deguine

21.1 Introduction 287

21.2 Limits of the Study 287

21.3 A Conceptual Framework to Position Crop Protection Practices 289

21.4 Discussion and Conclusion 299

References 300

22 Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance Needs One Health Approach 309
Yasodhara Gunasekara, Sanda Kottawatta, Thilini Nisansala, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, and Ruwani Kalupahana

22.1 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Brief Overview 309

22.2 AMR: Antimicrobials, Their Origin, and Development of Resistance 309

22.3 AMR: Types and Mechanisms 311

22.4 AMR: No Boundaries for Transmission 311

22.5 AMR: Current Status 313

22.6 AMR: Inter and Intra Transmission Among Humans, Animals, and Environment 315

22.7 One Health Approach for Tackling AMR 317

22.8 Constraints in Implementing One Health Approach 320

22.9 Conclusion 320

References 320

23 Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Pathogens: Role of Tick Vectors and Host Animal Community Composition in Their Circulation and Source of Infections 325
Rupika S. Rajakaruna and Marina E. Eremeeva

23.1 General Features of Tick Biology 325

23.2 Ecological Factors Affecting Tick-Borne Agents 327

23.3 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in the United States 328

23.4 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in Sri Lanka 335

23.5 The One Health Approach to Understanding Tick-Borne Disease Agents 340

23.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 342

Acknowledgments 342

References 342

24 Natural Enemies Against Dengue: Opportunities and Constraints on Biological Control of Dengue Vectors in Sri Lanka 351
Lahiru Udayanga, Sandun J. Perera, and Tharaka Ranathunge

24.1 Dengue: The Fastest Spreading Vector-Borne Disease 351

24.2 Management Strategies of Dengue 351

24.3 Biological Control of Dengue 352

24.4 Biological Control of Dengue in Sri Lanka 353

24.5 Carnivorous Mosquito Larvae 354

24.6 Carnivorous Aquatic Plants 354

24.7 Endoparasitic Ciliates with Antagonistic Effect 356

24.8 Ecological Perspective of Biological Control 356

24.9 Opportunities, Constraints, and Way Forward 358

Acknowledgments 359

References 359

Section III Futuristic Approach for One Health 363

25 Planetary Health: Rethinking Health 365
Novil Wijeskara

25.1 Impact of Humans on the Planet 365

25.2 Paradigm Shift: Human to Planetary Health 374

25.3 Approaches to Promote Planetary Health 380

25.4 Measure Growth, Progress, and Development and Govern Ourselves 382

Acknowledgment 382

References 384

26 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogenic Organisms in Food and Water: Health Implications and Environmental Risk 389
Bhoirob Gogoi, Neehasri Kumar Chowdhury, Suprity Shyam, Reshma Choudhury, Mitali Chetia, Tanushree Basumatary, and Hemen Sarma

26.1 Introduction 389

26.2 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens in Food and Drinking Water 390

26.3 Food as a Non-Droplet Spreading Route of Pathogen 396

26.4 Water is a Carrier of SARS-CoV-2 With Other Pathogens 399

26.5 Eradication Methods of Pathogen for Safety and Sustainability 400

26.6 Disadvantage of Chemical Remediation of Foodborne Pathogen 400

26.7 Biological Remediation and its Advantage 403

26.8 Conclusion 404

Acknowledgments 405

Conflict of Interest 405

Funding 405

Credit Author Statement 405

References 405

27 Modifying the Anthropocene Equation with One Health Concept 411
Nalika R. Dayananda

27.1 “A” for Anthropocene 411

27.2 The Inseparability of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health; One Health Concept 412

27.3 Trends in Global Environmental Change in Recent Anthropocene 413

27.4 Challenges to One Health in the Recent Anthropocene 414

27.5 From One Health Concept to Practice 416

27.6 Conclusion 417

References 418

28 Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Soils 421
G.A.H. Galahitigama and N.P.M. Abeysinghe

28.1 Introduction 421

28.2 Bioavailability Process in Soil 421

28.3 Factors Affecting Bioavailability Process 423

28.4 Soil–Plant Transfer of Trace Elements 424

28.5 Strategies Used to Control the Bioavailability of TEs 425

28.6 Remarks 430

References 431

29 “Light” as an Environmental Factor for the Well-Being of the “Plant, Animal, and Human Triad” 435
Prasada Rao Allu, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, and Sailaja V. Elchuri

29.1 Introduction 435

29.2 Phototropic Movements in Retina and Visual Function 435

29.3 Phototropism in Plants 436

29.4 Phototropisms and Phototaxis in Animals 437

29.5 Photomorphogenesis 438

29.6 Photosynthesis 438

29.7 Heliotropic Movements in Animals, Humans, and Plants 439

29.8 Heliotropic Movements in Plants – Case Study of Plants Grown at University of Hyderabad 439

29.9 Solar Tracking can be Modeled by Quantum Mechanics 442

29.10 Genetic Basis of Movements 442

29.11 Vision in Animals, Unicellular to Multicellular Organism, and Rhodopsin Cycle 444

29.12 Optogenetics: Photoreceptors, Neural Circuits, and Light-Induced Channels 446

29.13 Metabolites, Circadian Clock, and Sleep Pattern in Humans Under Altered Light Conditions 447

29.14 Light Therapy for Human Diseases 448

29.15 Conclusion and Prospects 450

Acknowledgments 450

References 451

Index 457