Materials and Methods for Industrial Wastewater and Groundwater Treatment

S. K. Nataraj, PhD, is a Professor at the Centre for Nano and Material Sciences at Jain University in Bangalore, India and Visiting Professor at Chonnam National University, South Korea. He obtained his doctorate in 2008 from the Centre of Excellence in Polymer Science at Karnatak University in Dharwad, India and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London, UK.

Preface xiii

1 Fundamentals and Importance of Water Quality and Treatment 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Nature and Sources of Conventional Groundwater Contamination 6

1.3 Emerging Pollutants 9

1.4 Fundamentals, Properties, and Susceptibility of Water to Contamination 13

1.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 16

1.6 Types of Water and Contaminants in Water 18

1.7 Alkalinity in Groundwater and Surface Water 21

1.8 Hardness of Ground and Surface Water 22

1.9 Wastewater and Types of Wastewaters 25

1.10 Types and Nature of Contamination in Wastewater 27

1.11 Conclusions 33

2 Ground, Surface Water, and Wastewater Quality Management and Treatment Regulations 40

2.1 Introduction to Water Conservation and Management 40

2.2 Importance of Groundwater Management and Protection 42

2.3 Source Pollutants in Groundwater and Wastewater 44

2.4 Oxygen-Demanding Materials 47

2.5 Eutrophication of Surface Water Sources 54

2.6 Water Resources Management 54

2.7 Water Reuse Regulations 56

2.8 Water Treatment 68

2.9 Biological Contamination in Wastewater 71

2.10 Types of Microorganisms and their Environmental Factors 79

2.11 The Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Plants 84

2.12 Future Prospective and Summary 87

3 Groundwater Contamination and its Treatment Techniques 98

3.1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination 98

3.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination 104

3.3 Waste Disposal to Groundwater Sources 107

3.4 Effects of Groundwater Contamination 115

3.5 Major Contaminants 116

3.6 Organic Contaminants in Groundwater 124

3.7 Radioactive Contaminants in Groundwater 125

3.8 Groundwater Treatment Technologies 126

3.9 Organic Contaminant Treatment 131

3.10 Groundwater Contaminant Uptake Mechanism 136

3.11 Conclusion 143

4 Advances in Desalination Materials and Technologies 150

4.1 Introduction to Seawater Salinity 150

4.2 Desalination Process 153

4.3 Types of Desalination Processes 155

4.4 Phase Change Technologies 157

4.5 Solar-Assisted Desalination Processes 163

4.6 Desalination by Filtration Processes 168

4.7 Alternative Desalination Processes 178

4.8 Future Desalination Technologies 185

4.9 Case Studies and Examples of Seawater Desalination 188

4.10 Future of Desalination Technologies 191

5 Functional Materials in Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 200

5.1 Polymer-Based Functional Materials such as Water Filters 200

5.2 Classification and Recent Advancements 202

5.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Wastewater Treatment and Desalination 206

5.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Zwitterionic Polymers in Desalination 210

5.5 Polymer-Based Coagulants and Flocculants 219

5.6 Functional Polymers in Organic Matter and Other Secondary Pollutants' Treatment 223

5.7 Mechanism of Polymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants 227

5.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanosorbents 229

5.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 233

6 Advanced Catalytic and Biogenic Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment 244

6.1 Introduction to Catalytic and Biogenic Materials in Water Treatment 244

6.2 Catalytic Treatment of DOM in Ground and Wastewater 246

6.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 250

6.4 Evolution of Oxidative, Magnetic, and Photocatalytic Treatment Composite 254

6.5 Magnetically Metal Oxide Nanophotocatalysts 258

6.6 POM-Supported Photocatalysts 260

6.7 Degradation Mechanism in POM-Based Photocatalysts 261

6.8 Photocatalytic Membranes in Water Treatment 264

6.9 Bio-Based Treatment Systems 267

6.10 Biopolymer-Based Flocculants and Coagulants for Industrial Waste Treatment 277

6.11 Biopolymer-Based Filters 279

6.12 Biopolymer-Based Gels, Hydrogels, Solvogels, and Aerogels 284

6.13 Prospects of Biodegradable Polymeric Materials in Water Treatment 291

6.14 Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities 293

6.15 Conclusions 295

7 Ordered Porous and Nanomaterials-Based Water Treatment Systems 311

7.1 Introduction to Porous Materials in Water Filtration 311

7.2 Porous Natural and Synthetic Materials 315

7.3 Block Copolymers as Ordered Nanoporous Precursors 318

7.4 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 322

7.5 Block Copolymer-Based Membranes for Desalination 325

7.6 Advanced Porous Materials 331

7.7 MOFs, COFs, and POPs in Wastewater Treatment 334

7.8 Ordered Porous Materials in Dye Wastewater Treatment 336

7.9 Ordered Porous Materials for TrOC Treatment 340

7.10 Ordered Porous Materials Heavy Metal Adsorption 345

7.11 Porous Materials in Nuclear Waste Sequestration 347

7.12 Future Perspective and Conclusions 350

8 Future of Desalination and Wastewater Treatment Technologies 368

8.1 Demand for Future Water Treatment Technologies 368

8.2 Smart Tools in Future Water Treatment Technologies 370

8.3 Advanced Treatment and Innovative Technologies 375

8.4 Renewable Energies in Water Treatment 376

8.5 Emerging Desalination Technologies 378

8.6 Renewable Energy in Desalination 383

8.7 Commercial Potentials and Challenges of Advanced Water Filtration Systems 386

8.8 Water Treatment Prospective in 2030 and 2050 389

8.9 Value Addition in Future Water Treatment Plants 391

8.10 Conclusions 393

References 393

Index 401