Life in the Open Ocean (eBook)

Joseph J. Torres is Emeritus Professor of Marine Science, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, USA. He is an internationally-renowned marine biologist with research interests in the physiological ecology of the deep- and open-oceanic realms. Thomas G. Bailey is retired director of NOAA's Caribbean Marine Research Center following a long career in deep-ocean science at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution as head of the Department of Zooplankton Ecology. He is a highly respected in-situ marine scientist known for innovative techniques in capturing and experimenting with delicate sea creatures at great depth.

1. PHYSICS AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

THE VASTNESS OF THE OPEN OCEAN

THE PROPERTIES OF WATER

TEMPERATURE

THE OCEANS AND OCEAN BASINS

OXYGEN

PRESSURE

SOUND

LIGHT

TRADITIONAL DEPTH ZONES IN THE OCEAN

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

2. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCOMMODATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

OXYGEN

SALINITY

DEPTH

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

3. THE CNIDARIA

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

THE HYDROMEDUSAE

THE SCYPHOMEDUSAE

THE CUBOMEDUSAE

FORAGING STRATEGIES

LOCOMOTION

THE SIPHONOPHORES

THE CNIDARIA FORMERLY KNOWN AS CHONDROPHORA

4. CTENOPHORA

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION

CTENOPHORE BASICS

MORPHOLOGY

FORAGING STRATEGIES

CTENOPHORES AS INVASIVE SPECIES

DIGESTION

NERVES AND SENSE ORGANS: COORDINATION AND CONDUCTION

LOCOMOTION

DISTRIBUTION

CTENOPHORES AND EVOLUTION

5. NEMERTEA

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION

MORPHOLOGY

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTION

FORAGING STRATEGIES

VERTICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS

6. ANNELIDA

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

CLASSIFICATION

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

MORPHOLOGY

EXTRETORY SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

GAS EXCHANGE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTION

LOCOMOTION

FORAGING STRATEGIES

DISTRIBUTIONS

BIOLUMINESCENCE

7. CRUSTACEA

INTRODUCTION

ARTHROPOD CLASSIFICATION

PANARTHROPODAN PHYLA

SYNOPSIS OF UNIVERSAL ARTHROPOD CHARACTERISTICS

THE CRUSTACEA

SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA

CRUSTACEAN SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENT AND MOLTING

JOINTS AND APPENDAGES

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY MECHANISMS

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

BASIC DEVELOPMENT

THE MICRONEKTONIC CRUSTACEA

THE PELAGIC EUCARIDA

8. MOLLUSCA

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

THE GASTROPODA

CLASSIFICATION

CLASS GASTROPODA

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PELAGIC GASTROPODA

GASTROPOD SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES

THE PELAGIC GASTROPODS: ANATOMY AND HABITS

THE CEPHALOPODS

CLASSIFICATION

BASIC ANATOMY OF THE MAJOR CEPHALOPOD GROUPS

CEPHALOPOD SYSTEMS

9. THE CHORDATA

INTRODUCTION

DEUTEROSTOMES AND THE PHYLOGENETIC TOOLKIT

CLASSIFICATION

SUBPHYLUM TUNICATA

BASIC ANATOMY AND LIFE HISTORY

TUNICATE SYSTEMS

10. THE FISHES

INTRODUCTION

THE DEEP SEA GROUPS

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FISHES

THE CLASSES OF LIVING FISHES

FISH SYSTEMS

BASIC ANATOMY

FEEDING AND DIGESTION

CIRCULATION, RESPIRATION, AND EXCRETION

CIRCULATION

GAS EXCHANGE IN THE TELEOSTS AND ELASMOBRANCHS

NITROGEN EXCRETION

OSMOTIC AND IONIC REGULATION

LOCOMOTION

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

SENSORY MECHANISMS

CAMOUFLAGE, BIOLUMINESCENCE, PHOTOPHORES

11. COMMUNITIES

INTRODUCTION

THE GULF OF MEXICO

THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT

THE ANTARCTIC

SYSTEM COMPARISONS

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT CHANGE

12. ENERGETICS

INTRODUCTION

A MODEL ENERGY BUDGET

DIGESTIBILITY OF BIOMOLECULES

ENERGY VALUE OF BIOMOLECULES

MEASURING METABOLIC RATE

LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES

METABOLISM AND COMPOSITION OF PELAGIC SPECIES

CONCLUSIONS