Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes

Part 1:
Carbon nanotube- Fundamentals and fascinating attributes
1 History and Development of Carbon Nanotubes2 Synthesis methods for Carbon nanotubes
1.      Introduction
2.      Arc Discharge Method
3.      Laser Ablation Method
4.      Chemical Vapour Deposition Method
5.      Hydrothermal Synthesis
6.      Electrolysis
7.      Solar Technique
8.      Conclusions
9.      References
 
3 Carbon nanotube Growth mechanisms
 
1.      Vapour phase growth
2.      Liquid phase growth.
3.      Solid phase growth
4.      The crystallization model
5.      Catalytically assisted growth mechanism
6.      Existing challenges and future directions
 
4 Chemistry of Carbon nanotube structures
 
1.      Introduction
2.      Structure
3.      Chemical bonding
4.      Bonding models
5.      Chemical Reactivity
6.      Functionalization Chemistry
7.      Doping Chemistry
8.      Supramolecular chemistry
9.      Catalytic chemistry
10.  Photochemistry
11.  Purification of cnt
12.  Conclusions
13.  References
 
5 Physics of Carbon nanotubes structures
 
1.      Introduction
2.      Electronic States
3.      Fundamental parameters and relations for carbon nanotubes
4.      Symmetry of carbon nanotubes
5.      Elastic Continuum Models of Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes
 6 Innovative approaches in Characterization of Carbon nanotube  
1.      Infrared spectroscopy
2.      UV–visible spectroscopy
3.      Photoluminescence spectroscopy
4.      X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)< 5.      X-ray diffraction
6.      Raman spectroscopy
7.      Neutron diffraction
8.      Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
9.      Transmission electron microscopy
10.  Atomic force microscopy
 

7 Mechanics of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Basic mechanical properties: stiffness, strength, toughness
2.      Elastic properties of CNT
3.      Theoretical results on elastic constants of nanotubes
4.      Nonlinear elastic behaviour
5.      Strength and fracture

8 Optical properties of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      2.      Electronic structure of carbon nanotube
3.      Optical absorption
4.      Luminescence
5.      fluorescence
6.      Raman scattering
7.      Rayleigh scattering.
 
9 Thermal properties of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Introduction
2.      Specific Heat
3.      Specific Heat of Nanotubes
4.      Thermal Stability of Nanotubes
5.      Thermal conductivity
6.      Thermal Conductivity: Theory
7.      Ballistic Conduction
10 Electronic and  electronic transport properties of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Energy dispersion  relations
2.      Density of states
3.      Electronic transport
4.      Field emission and total energy distribution
5.      Band structures in a magnetic field
6.      Curvature effects: Beyond the zone-folding model
7.      Nanotube bundle and multiwall system
8.      Structural defects in carbon nanotubes
9.      Conductance Quantization in One Dimension
10.  Metallic Single-Walled Nanotubes 11.  Semiconducting Single-Walled Nanotubes 12.  Summary of Electronic Transport Properties

11 Electrical properties of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Conductance of Carbon Nanotube Systems
2.      Dynamic Conductance of Carbon Nanotubes
3.      Semiconducting CNTs
4.      Superconductivity
5.      Thermoelectric Properties
6.      Photoconductivity and Luminescence
 
12 Field emission from Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Field Emission Basics
2.      Emitter Characteristics
3.      Field Emission Mechanism
4.      Single nanotube field emitter
5.      Nanotube film field emitter
6.      Macroscopic CNT structures
7.      Field emission induced luminescence
 
13 Physical Properties of Carbon nanotubes
1.      Ability to be manipulated
2.      Electronic structure
3.      Hardness
4.      Impervious to Environmental Factors
5.      One Dimensional Transport
6.      Strength
7.      Toxicity

14 Why functionalization of Carbon nanotube
1.      Aggregation and poor solubility of carbon nanotubes
2.      To resolve dispersion problems
30

15 Dispersion of Carbon nanotube
1.      Current approaches for dispersing carbon nanotubes
2.      Characterization of CNT dispersion
3.      Water-soluble dispersions of carbon nanotubes
4.      Dispersions of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents
5.      Stabilization of carbon nanotube dispersions by polymers
6.      Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – High Viscosity Material
7.      Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – Medium Viscosity Material
8.      Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – Low Viscosity Material

16 Covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Oxidation
2.      Esterification/Amidation
3.      Halogenation reactions
4.      Cycloaddition
5.      Radical addition
6.      Nucleophilic addition
7.      Electrophilic addition<  
17 Non covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Polynuclear aromatic compounds
2.      Biomolecules 3.      π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions
4.     Non covalent endohedral functionalization
 
18 Other functionalization methods
1.      Functionalization with Nanoparticles
2.      Substitutional Doping    
19 Hetro atom Doped CNT and their properties
 
1.      Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes
2.      Carbon nanotubes doped with heteroatoms other than nitrogen

20 CNT based hybrid materials
 
1.      Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metal oxides
2.      Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metals
3.      Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other inorganic carbonaceous materials
4.      Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other organic  materials
 
21 Theory, calculations, modelling and simulation for Carbon nanotube
 
1.      Introduction
2.      models of CNT growth
3.      Electronic structure calculations
4.      Mechanical models
5.      Molecular dynamics simulation    
22 The main challenges of Carbon nanotube
 
1.      lack of a detailed understanding of the nanotube growth mechanism
2.      lack of control of the synthesis process to produce nanotubes with a desired diameter and chirality.
3.      Proper dispersion
4.      Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites
 23 Life cycle analysis of Carbon nanotube  
1.      Environmental  effects of Carbon nanotube
2.      Health impacts  Carbon nanotube
3.      Life Cycle Assessment
4.      Inventory Analysis
5.      Emerging technologies in life cycle impacts
6.      Life cycle modelling
7.      LCA and its social imapacts
8.      Strategy to Overcome Existing Gaps

24 The current market for CNT materials and products
 
1.      Carbon nanotubes manufacturers 2.      Raw Material suppliers
3.      Traders, distributors, and suppliers of carbon nanotubes
4.      Regional manufacturers’ associations and general carbon nanotubes associations
5.      Government and regional agencies and research organizations
6.      Investment research firms
7.      Market Outlook
8.      Global demand for carbon nanotubes
9.      Regulations and standards
10.  Competition from other materials
 
25 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes with other carbon allotropes 1.      Comparative properties
2.      Cost and production
3.      Carbon nanotube  hybrids
4.      Competitive market analysis of carbon nanotubes and other  carbon allotropes
Part 2

CNT based Polymer composites- Fabrication and Characterization

 

1 Structure–property relationships in polymer nanocomposites             

 

1.            Introduction

2.            structure–property relationships in CNT-polymer nanocomposites

3.            structure–property relationships in POSS-polymer nanocomposites

4.            structure–property relationships in Clay/graphene/LDH-polymer nanocomposites

5.            Effects of nanoparticles on the glass-formation in polymer nanocomposites

6.            Effects of nanoparticles on the percolation threshold  in polymer nanocomposites

7.            Mechanisms for nanoparticle clustering and effects on material properties

8.            Nanoparticle self-assembly

 

2             Manufacturing Techniques for CNT-Polymer composites           

1.            Solution based

2.            In-situ polymerisation

3.            Melt mixing

4.            Latex stage mixing

5.            Interface modification

6.            Use of a third component

7.            Other methods

 

3             Carbon Nanotube Composites: Critical Issues   1.            Carbon Nanotubes

2.            Structure control of CNTs

3.            The problem of  CNT Bundles

4.            Dispersion of CNTs within polymer matrix

5.            Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interfaces

6.            Nanocomposite Morphology

7.            Contacts between individual CNTs

8.            Other problems

 

4             Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix         

1.            the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion

2.            The effects of CNT dispersion on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites

 

5             Amorphous thermoplastic/CNT based composites        

1.            Polyamideimide

2.            Polyethersulphone

3.            Polyetherimide

4.            Polyarylate

5.            Polysulphone

6.            Polyamide (amorphous)

7.            Polymethylmethacrylate

8.            Polyvinylchloride

9.            Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

10.          Polystyrene

 

6             Semi-crystalline thermoplastic/CNT based composites <

1.            Polyetheretherketone

2.            Polytetrafluoroethylene

3.            Polyamide 6,6

4.            Polyamide 11

5.            Polyphenylene sulphide

6.            Polyethylene terephthalate

7.            Polypropylene

8.            High Density Polyethylene

9.            Low Density Polyethylene

 

7             Thermoset/CNT based composites       

1.            Polyester

2.            Epoxy resin

3.            Polyimides

 

8             CNT-filled Elastomer composites            

1.            Natural rubber

2.            Acrylic Rubber (ACM)

3.            Butadiene Rubber (BR)

4.            Butyl Rubber (IIR)

<5.            Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)/ Hypalon

6.            Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)

7.            Fluoroelastomers (FKM)/ Viton

8.            Isoprene Rubber (IR)

9.            Nitrile Rubber (NBR)

10.          Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)

11.          Polychloroprene (CR)/ Neoprene

12.          Polysulfide Rubber (PSR)

13.          Silicone Rubber (SiR)

14.          Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

 

9             Latex based/CNT composites   

1.            NR Latex/CNT

2.            Synthetic rubber latex/CNT

 

10           nanocomposites based on polymer  blends and CNT    

1.            miscible polymer blend

2.            Immiscible polymer blend

3.            Interpenetrating polymer network

4.            Compatible polymer blend

 

11           Fibers/CNT        

1.            Introduction

2.            Micro-Structural Development in Polymer/CNT Fibers

3.            CNT Structure and Dispersion

4.            Orientation and Alignment Effects

5.            Prospects and Challenges for Processing Polymer/CNT Composites with Controlled Structural Development

 

12           Carbon nanotubes embedded in polymer nanofibers by electrospinning          

1.            Electro spinning of multi walled carbon nanotubes- polymer composites

 

13           X-ray scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites

1.            Basic principles

2.            X-ray scattering methods

3.            Wide angle X-ray diffraction

4.            Small angle X-ray scattering

5.            X-ray scattering methods

6.            Morphology of carbon nanotubes

7.            Morphology of polymer-CNT nanocomposites

8.            crystalline disorder

9.            orientation analysis;

10.          phase analysis

 

14           Neutron scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites

1.            Basic principles

2.            SANS methods and instrumentation

3.            elucidating structural information

4.            morphology

5.            phase transition

6.            Inhomogeneities and deformation mechanisms

 

15           Structural investigation of CNT-polymer composites by FTIR, UV, NMR and Raman spectroscopy

1.            FTIR

2.            UV-Visible spectroscopy

3.            NMR

4.            Raman Spectroscopy

 

16           Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites         

1.            Tensile strength

2.            Abrasion resistance

3.            Hardness

4.            Compression strength

5.            specific strength

6.            toughness

7.            Resilence

8.            Impact properties

9.            Flexural properties

10.          Friction and wear properties

11.          Thermomechanical analysis

12.          Dynamic mechanical analysis

13.          Creep, stress relaxation, hysteresis

14.          Anisotropic mechanical behaviour

15.          Modelling and Simulation<

 

17           Crystallization behavior of carbon nanotube− polymer nanocomposites

1.            Measurements of radial growth rates of spherulites

2.            Measurements of isothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP/CNTs by using DSC

3.            Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics

 

18           Self-healing and shape memory effects of CNT based polymer composites      

1.            Self-healing: concept and materials

2.            Self-healing of CNT based polymer nanocomposites: chemistry and applications

3.            Theoretical study of self-healing polymer nanocomposites

4.            Shape memory effect: definitions and characterization

5.            Reinforcement of shape memory polymers

6.            Reinforcement of shape memory polymers with CNT

7.            Challenges

8.            Future outlook

 

19           Thermal characterizations CNT-Polymer composites

1.            Thermal stability

2.            Thermal conductivity: definition, mechanisms and parameters

3.            Modeling of thermal conductivity in composites

4.            Thermal glass transition

5.            Flame retardancy

6.            Synergism between nanocomposites and flame retardants

7.            Heat distortion temperature

 

20           Morphological characterizations CNT-Polymer composites

1.            TEM

2.            SEM

3.            Scanning probe microscopy

4.            AFM

5.            Optical microscopy

 

21           Rheological studies of CNT-Polymer composites

1.            theory practice and the new challenges in rheology of polymer nanocomposite

2.            Rheological properties of polymer/carbon nanotube composites

3.            Off-line” rheometry

4.            “In-line” rheometry

5.            Dilute regime: below the percolation threshold

6.            Semi-dilute regime: dispersion and percolation

7.            linear viscoelasticity

8.            non- linear viscoelasticity

9.            Steady shear viscosity

10.          Dynamic shear rheology

 

22           Dielectric and Electrical conductivity studies of CNT-Polymer composites           

1.            Electrical percolation

2.            Effects of filler attributes

3.            Effects of nanocomposite microstructure

4.            Effects of polymer matrix properties

5.            Dielectric measurements

 

23           EMI shielding studies of CNT-Polymer composites

1.            electromagnetic theory

2.            foundations of the strategies to be employed to design efficient EMI shielding materials

3.            carbon nanotubes based polymer composites for EMI shielding

4.            The importance of the dispersion method into the polymer matrix

5.            The combination of  CNT with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles or conductive polymers

6.            complex architectures that are currently studied to improve the performances of EMI materials

 

24           Simulation and Multiscale modeling of polymer nanocomposites          

1.            Modeling and simulation techniques

2.            Molecular scale methods

3.            Microscale methods.

4.            Mesoscale and macroscale methods

5.            Modeling and simulation of CNT-polymer nanocomposites

6.            Nanocomposite thermodynamics

7.            Nanocomposite kinetics

8.            Nanocomposite molecular structure and dynamic properties

9.            Nanocomposite morphology

10.          Nanocomposite rheological and processing behaviors

11.          anocomposite mechanical properties

 

25           Life cycle analysis of CNT based polymer composites

1.            Introduction to life cycle engineering

2.            The life cycle of polymer composites

3.            Life cycle engineering in product development

4.            Recycling and recovery of polymer composites

5.            What is Life Cycle Assessment?

6.            Goal definition, scope, and functional unit

7.            Inventory analysis

8.            Impact assessment

9.            Improvement analysis

10.          Key issues in life cycle as sessment

11.          Active and passive applications

12.          Life Cycle Assessment of RecyclingPart 3:Recent advances in Carbon nanotube structures for potential applications 1                    General Introduction                                                   2             Carbon Nanotubes for mechanical applications                1.            CNT nano mechanics2.            Electromechanical Probes 3.            in MEMS Technologies 4.            CNT resonators as mass or force sensors5.            Advanced Composites (fillers)6.            The Space Elevator7.            super-strong fabrics8.            Mechanical Stabilizers (additives)9.            Miscellaneous Applications10.          Challenges and future prospects              3             Carbon Nanotubes for energy conversion and storage 1.            The energy problem2.            How and why carbon nanotubes can address the issues of energy storage and conversion3.            Super capacitors4.            Li ion batteries5.            Conclusions and future developments  4             Carbon Nanotubes for Fuel Cells and water splitting      1.            Carbon as a structural component in fuel cells2.            Carbon as a catalyst support3.            Carbon as a fuel4.            Various Carbon Nanotubes  in Portable Fuel Cells5.            Doped Carbon Nanotube as electrodes6.            Metal supported CNT as electrodes7.            Functionalized carbon nanotubes fuel cells electrode    5             Carbon Nanotubes for solar cells and Photovoltaics1.            Photovoltaic properties of CNT.2.            Silicon-based solar cells. 3.            Organic solar cells 4.            Dye-sensitized solar cells 5.            Polymer solar cells with CNT6.            CNT as additives7.            CNT as electrode8.            CNT as  Separate layer   6             Carbon Nanotubes for sensing applications       1.            Electrochemical sensors2.            Chemical sensors3.            Organic Vapor4.            Optical sensors5.            Gas sensors6.            Biosensors7.            Strain sensing8.            Pressure sensors9.            Temperature sensors    7             Nanofluidics in Carbon Nanotube           1.            Nanofluidics2.            Nanofluidic Transport through Isolated Carbon Nanotube Channels: Advances, Controversies, and Challenges.3.            Water transport inside carbon nanotubes4.            Gas transport inside carbon nanotubes5.            Carbon Nanotube Nanofluidics for Energy Technology and Sustainability             8             Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics  and  microelectronic Devices  1.            Field Effect Transistors2.            Single-Electron Transistors3.            Nanotube Heterojunction Devices4.            Mechanical Devices5.            Nanotube Interconnects6.            Modelling and simulation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for nanoelectronics device applications 9             Carbon Nanotubes for Nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, non -liner ptical applicationss  1.            Optical gain and lasing in carbon nanotubes2.            Carbon nanotubes for optical limiting3.            Carbon nanotube  based fiber lasers4.            Carbon-nanotube-based bulk solid-state lasers5.            Carbon nanotube-based nonlinear photonic devices,6.            Carbon nanotube-based optical platforms for biomolecular detection,7.            Single carbon nanotube transistors for digital electronics8.            Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors for digital electronics9.            Carbon nanotubes for radio frequency analog circuits                   10           Carbon nanotubes applications in agriculture    1.            Interfacing carbon nanotubes (CNT) with plants2.            Carbon Nanotubes Are Super Fertilizer3.            Carbon Nanotubes as Plant Growth Regulators4.            A general reduction of applied agrochemicals using nano encapsulated plant protection products and slow-release fertilizers5.            Nanotechnologies for optimization of agricultural practices by introducing precision farming6.            Negative Effects of CNT7.            CNT as contaminant carriers and be transported to the edible parts of crops     11           Carbon Nanotubes for piezo electric applications            1.            Effective Properties of Carbon Nanotube and Piezoelectric Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Smart Composites2.            Flexible Piezoelectric Generators using CNT3.            Reinforcement of Piezoelectric Polymers with Carbon Nanotubes          12           Carbon Nanotubes for thermal Materials                                                                                                          1.            Spacecraft2.            Heat dissipation in integrated circuits (IC) chips3.            Carbon nanotubes for thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging4.            Carbon Nanotubes Thermal Radiation Coating Dispersion            13           Carbon Nanotubes for tissue engineering scaffold applications               1.            Cell tracking and labeling.2.            Sensi ugmenting cellular behavior . 3.            Augmenting cellular behaviour4.            Matrix enhancement5.            Cytotoxicity        14           Carbon Nanotubes for Drug delivery applications           1.            Therapeutic-CNT interaction2.            Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes3.            In vivo studies on drug delivery4.            Drug delivery targeted to tumor5.            Drug delivery targeted to central nervous system6.            The biosafety of SWCNT used as drug carriers7.            The future of CNTs used as drug carriers for cancer treatments                15           Carbon Nanotubes for Bio-imaging applications1.            SWNT bioconjugates2.            NIR Photoluminescence imaging with SWNTs3.            Raman imaging 4.            Photoacoustic imaging5.            Imaging with radio labelled CNTs6.            Magnetic resonance imaging with CNTs7.            Nuclear imaging8.            Prospects and challenges             16           Carbon Nanotubes  in Regenerative Medicine  1.            Applications of /CNTs in bone regeneration2.            Possible mechanisms of increased biocompatibility of CNTs-based scaffolds: the role of adhesive protein adsorption3.            Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for neural tissue regeneration4.            Carbon Nanotubes Directions and Perspectives in Oral Regenerative Medicine5.            Regeneration of Other Tissues6.            Carbon Nanotube Artificial Muscles        17           Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer therapy   1.            Carbon nanotubes and their importance in anticancer drug delivery2.            Advantages of carbon nanotubes over conventional cancer therapy3.            Methods for opening, filling and capping carbon nanotubes                18           Carbon Nanotube as a multifunctional coating material               1.            Multifunctional Coatings with Carbon Nanotubes for Electrostatic Charge Mitigation2.            Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Coatings Used as Strain Sensors3.            Carbon coatings for membrane application and catalysis4.            anticorrosion coatings for metals             19           Carbon Nanotube based hydrogel and aerogels              1.            Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Hydrogels in Drug Delivery2.            For environmental remediation3.            CNTs nanocomposite hydrogels preparation4.            CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Actuators and Sensors5.            CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Effluents Treatment6.            CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Biofuel and Solar Cells7.            CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine8.            Conducting CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels9.            aerogels  for electronic applications10.          MWCNT Aerogels for Sensing11.          Composites, catalysis, supercapacitors, substrate for biomaterial growth (bones), filtration, membranes, decontamination,                20           Carbon Nanotubes for Environmental remediation applications              1.            Nanosensors  for environmental monitoring2.            Nanosorbents3.            Photocatalysis4.            Carbon Nanotubes in Biotechnology  5.            Carbon Nanotubes Used for Renewable Energy Applications                                                               21           Anti-microbial and antibacterial properties  and other miscellaneous applications of CNT1.            Anti-microbial applications of CNT2.            Antibacterial applications of CNT3.            Solid-phase extraction4.            Chromatographic applications 22           Multifunctional applications of CNT based polymer composites               1.            Development of multifunctional composites for aerospace application2.            Lightweight structural composites with electromagnetic applications3.            Transparent wear-resistant multifunctional polymeric nanocoatings4.            Multifunctional polymer composites for intelligent structures5.            Self-sensing carbon nanotube composites6.            Recent advances in shape memory epoxy resins and composites7.            The application of carbon nanotube-polymer composite as gas sensing materials8.            EMI shielding composites, coatings for enclosures, ESD composites, antistatic materials,  conductive  coatings,  electromagnetic absorption  materials  for  low-observable  applications,  electrode  materials  for  supercapacitor  and fuel cell, etc9.            Thermal management materials, such as TIMs,  temperature  sensors,  resistance heating and flame-retardance materials, etc.10.          CNT/polymer  composites  in  nanoelectronic  and biomedical devices and sensoring, etc.         23           Carbon nanotube research developments: published papers and patents, synthesis and production   1.            Publication progress of CNT research2.            Carbon Nanotube Fabrication: Patent Analysis3.            Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Storage4.            Carbon nanotube fiber-reinforced composite structures for EM and lightning strike protection5.            The carbon nanotube patent landscape in nanomedicine:6.            Carbon nanotube structures in sensor apparatuses        24           Assessment of the risks associated with carbon nanotubes       1.            Toxicity of carbon nanotubes2.            Factors found to affect CNT toxicity3.            Toxicity of CNTs on the lungs4.            In Vitro Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes5.            In Vivo Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes 6.            Cytotoxity of functionalized CNTs