Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

David M. Himmelblau was Paul D. and Betty Robertson Meek and American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor Emeritus in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, where he taught for forty-two years. He authored eleven books and more than two hundred articles on process analysis, fault detection, and optimization. He was president of the CACHE Corporation, and director of AIChE. James B. Riggs was a university professor for thirty years. Twenty-five of those years were spent at Texas Tech University, where he founded and directed the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. He authored several popular textbooks, including Computational Methods for Engineers with MATLAB Applications, Thirteenth Edition; Programming with MATLAB for Engineers, Fourteenth Edition; and Chemical and Bio-Process Control, Fifth Edition.

Preface xv
How to Use This Book xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii

Part I: Introduction 1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering 3
1.1 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 3
1.2 Types of Jobs Chemical Engineers Perform 6
1.3 Industries in Which Chemical Engineers Work 8
1.4 Sustainability 10
1.5 Ethics 24

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 29
2.1 Units of Measure 29
2.2 Unit Conversions 35
2.3 Equations and Units 41
2.4 Measurement Errors and Significant Figures 47
2.5 Validation of Results 53
2.6 Mass, Moles, and Density 55
2.7 Process Variables 75

Part II: Material Balances 125

Chapter 3: Material Balances 127
3.1 The Connection between a Process and Its Schematic 129
3.2 Introduction to Material Balances 134
3.3 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 145
3.4 Material Balances for Single Unit Systems 164
3.5 Vectors and Matrices 188
3.6 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with MATLAB 190
3.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Python 196

Chapter 4: Material Balances with Chemical Reaction 225
4.1 Stoichiometry 226
4.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 235
4.3 Species Mole Balances 248
4.4 Element Material Balances 268
4.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 276

Chapter 5: Material Balances for Multiunit Processes 313
5.1 Preliminary Concepts 314
5.2 Sequential Multiunit Systems 317
5.3 Recycle Systems 340
5.4 Bypass and Purge 357
5.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 367

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 401

Chapter 6: Ideal and Real Gases 403
6.1 Ideal Gases 405
6.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 422
6.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 436
6.4 Real Gas Mixtures 444

Chapter 7: Multiphase Equilibrium 473
7.1 Introduction 473
7.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 475
7.3 Single-Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 487
7.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 504
7.5 Two-Component Gas/Two-Component Liquid Systems 523
7.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 536

Part IV: Energy Balances 559

Chapter 8: Energy Balances without Reaction 561
8.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 564
8.2 Overview of Types of Energy and Energy Balances 569
8.3 Energy Balances for Closed, Unsteady-State Systems 574
8.4 Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems 597
8.5 Mechanical Energy Balances 627
8.6 Energy Balances for Special Cases 640

Chapter 9: Energy Balances with Reaction 681
9.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 682
9.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 688
9.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 700
9.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 726

Part V: Combined Material and Energy Balances 747

Chapter 10: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts 749
10.1 Terminology 751
10.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 755
10.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 765

Chapter 11: Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances 781
11.1 Unsteady-State Balances 783
11.2 Numerical Integration of ODEs 790
11.3 Examples 799

Supplemental online materials:
Chapter 12: Heats of Solution and Mixing 825
Chapter 13: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids 845
Chapter 14: Solving Material and Energy Balances Using Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes) 857

Part VI: Supplementary Material--Appendixes 889

Appendix A: Atomic Weights and Numbers 893
Appendix B: Tables of the Pitzer Z^0 and Z^1 Factors 894
Appendix C: Heats of Formation and Combustion 899
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Problems 903

Supplemental online materials:
Appendix E: Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances 908
Appendix F: Heat Capacity Equations 920
Appendix G: Vapor Pressures 924
Appendix H: Heats of Solution and Dilution 925
Appendix I: Enthalpy-Concentration Data 926
Appendix J: Thermodynamic Charts 933
Appendix K: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions 940
Appendix L: Solution of Sets of Equations 949
Appendix M: Fitting Functions to Data 971

Index 975