Handbook of Fuels

Barbara Elvers studied chemistry at the University of Hamburg from 1970 to 1979 where she received her PhD in carbohydrate chemistry. After working in a research project in biochemistry at the university hospital in Hamburg she moved to the United States of America in 1980 where she was employed as a visiting scientist at SRI, Palo Alto, in the life science department. She started working for VCH in 1985, first as a freelance translator of textbooks in chemistry, and from 1987 onwards as an editor of Ullmann's Encyclopedia. One of the main subjects of her editorial work was the acquisition of authors and articles in the field of energy generation and fuels. Dr. Elvers has been living in Hamburg since 1996, working as an editor for Ullmann's and other reference works and for the Wiley-VCH journal Starch/Stärke.

Introduction
OIL REFINING
History
General Aspects of Oil Refining
CRUDE OILS AND PRODUCTS
Crude Oil Constituents
Classifcation of Crude Oils
Oil Products
OIL REFINING PROCESSES
Crude Oil Distillation
Catalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking)
Hydrotreating
Catalytic Reforming
Hydrocracking
Residue Conversion Processes
Gasoline Upgrading Processes
Other Processes
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN OIL REFINING
Introduction
Manufacturing Emissions
Cost of Environmental Conservation
INTEGRATED REFINERY MODELS
Trends of Refinery Structures
Hydroskimming Refinery
Conversion Concepts
CORROSION AND MATERIALS
TESTING AND ANALYSIS
Crude oil and Product Properties
Testing Methods and Standards
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

AUTOMOTIVE FUELS
HISTORY
The Spark Ignition (Otto)Engine and Its Fuel
The Diesel Engine and Its Fuel
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
Otto Engines
Diesel Engines
FUEL COMPOSITION AND ENGINE EFFICIENCY
Quality Aspects and of Gasoline
Quality Aspects of Diesel Fuels
FUEL COMPONENTS
Gasoline Components
Diesel Fuel Components
FUEL ADDITIVES
Gasoline Additives
Additives of Diesel Fuel
FUEL STANDARDIZATION AND TESTING
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
ALTERNATIVE FUELS (VARIOUS AUTHORS)
LPG
Natural Gas
Fuels from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Methanol
Ethanol
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Hydrogen
Hybrid Concepts

FUEL CELLS
OCTANE ENHANCERS
Introduction
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Combustion in Otto Engines
Knock Phenomena
Octane Number Measurement
HISTORY
TYPES OF OCTANE ENHANCERS
ASHLESS OCTANE ENHANCERS
Blend Octane Numbers
Nitrogen-Containing Components
Oxygen-Containing Components
METAL-CONTAINING ADDITIVES
Antiknock Agents
Methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl
Ferrocene
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CONTROL
Introduction
POLLUTANT FORMATION AND LIMITATION
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbon Species
Oxides of nitrogen
particulate Emissions
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfuric Compounds
DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
CATALYTIC EXHAUST AFTERTREATMENT,GENERALCONCEPTS
Physical Design of the Catalytic Converter
The Washcoat
CATALYTIC AFTERTREATMENT OF STOICHIOMETRIC EXHAUST GAS
Three-Way Catalysis
Oxygen Storage in Three-Way Catalysts
Precious Metals
Recent Developments
CATALYTIC AFTERTREATMENT OF LEAN EXHAUST GAS
NOx Removal
Catalytic Aftertreatment of Lean Burn Gasoline Exhaust
Catalytic Aftertreatment of Diesel Exhaust
Removal of Particulate Emissions
AVIATION TURBINE FUELS
HISTORY
FUEL TYPES AND SPECIFICATION
Specification Requirements
Fuel Properties
Nonspecification Properties
PRODUCTION
Fuel
Additives
HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
LEGAL ASPECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
FUTURE TRENDS
Petroleum-Derived Fuels
Alternative Fuels
MARINE FUELS
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
PRODUCTION
USES
QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS, TESTING AND ANALYSIS
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION