Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Dr. Hollins-Martin is a Professor of Maternal Health and has a background that has encompassed a career in women’s reproductive health that spans 30 years; the first 11 of these were spent as a clinical midwife in Ayrshire (Scotland) and 19 teaching and researching women’s reproductive health within universities. Caroline is an NMC Registered Midwife and Lecturer/Practice Educator. She is also a graduate and post graduate in psychology and a Member of the British Psychological Society (MBPsS). Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Section 1 – Zika Virus: Introductory Chapters1. Flaviviruses and where the Zika virus fits in: An overview2. The Zika virus: A brief overview3. The public health perspective of Zika virus-infection4. Zika virus as a potential pandemic5. Zika virus, symptomatic and asymptomatic travellers6. Microcephaly: features, and impact7. Microcephaly and Zika virus: a short and focused overview8. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Zika viral infections9. Non neurological effects of Zika virus infection10. Guillain-Barré syndrome11. Quality of life in mothers of children with microcephaly

Section 2 – Impact on Neurological Systems 12. Zika virus, immunobiology and autoimmune neurological syndromes in Calcutta13. Impact on Zika virus on paralysis and neuro-inflammation: Jamacian aspects14. Linking Guillain-Barré and Zika virus infection15. Puerto Rico aspects: Linking Zika virus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome16. Zika virus infection and cytokines17. Linking microRNAs, Wnt signaling pathway and Zika virus18. Neuronal conduction in Guillain-Barre syndrome19. Features of Guillain-Barré syndrome with or without Zika virus20. Auditory brainstem in Zika virus infection21. Neurology without microcephaly in Zika virus22. Neurologic manifestations, Zika virus and the adult brain23. Infantile Spasms in offspring due to maternal Zika virus24. Encephalomyelitis and Zika virus infection25. Cerebrospinal fluid in microcephaly of Zika virus26. The developing neocortex in Zika virus infection27. Glial cell development and Zika virus28. Myelination, microcephaly and Zika virus29. Neuronal apoptosis in congenital Zika virus infection30. Zika virus and fetal imaging31. PET Imaging and neuroinflammation in Zika Virus-Infection32. Neonatal brain magnetic resonance and normocephalics in Zika virus infection33. Zika virus and adult human brain structure

Section 3 – Features of the Virus and Transmission34. Zika virus and codon usage bias35. Comparing Zika virus transmission with other viruses: Chikungunya virus36. Vectors of Zika virus transmission: Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus37. Linking Zika virus, dengue virus and modes of transmission38. Breast milk and mother-to-child transmission39. Zika virus due to sexual transmission